434 
POPULAK SCIENCE EEVIEW. 
upper crag, and tlie predominance of tliose usually found at a greater sea 
depth, indicated that this hedwas formed under more distinctly marked marine 
conditions than the lower or fluvio-marine crag. The paucity of shells in 
the former, and their immense abundance in the latter, was another proof of 
their separate and distinct conditions. Meantime, the increasing cold was 
proved by the abundance of northern shells in the upper beds, as compared 
with the lower. In short, the upper crag was one more intermediate link 
in the evidence of refrigeration, as proved by the coralline crag upwards ; 
and the succeeding glacial series was only the result to which a study of the 
various crags necessarily led the investigator. 
jFossi'k of the Mineral Veins in Carboniferous Limestone. — At the same meet- 
ing Mr. Charles Moore, F.G.S., read a paper upon the above subject, in 
which he said his attention had been called to it from the fact that the 
mineral veins in many instances contained organic remains, by a study of 
which it was not only possible to arrive at the age of the veins in their 
several districts, and also to some extent the physical conditions associated 
with them at the time they received their contents. After referring to his 
published views on the veins occurring in the carboniferous limestone in the 
Somersetshire and South Wales district, the author gave the results of his 
daily examinations of 134 different samples derived from the mines of 
Cumberland and Yorkshire. Of those 134 samples he had found organic 
remains more or less abundantly in not less than eighty — a fact sufficient to 
show that, as a general rule, they might be found in almost every vein if a 
careful examination be given to its contents. Amongst the organic remains, 
chief interest would attach to the presence of Valvata and other fresh- 
water shells, often in great abundance and in districts wide asunder. Of 
Vertebrata he had obtained teeth and scales of Petalodm, Ctenoptychius, &c., 
&c. Foraminifera were generally very rare ; while Entomostraca of several 
species were the most constant organisms, Encrinites excepted. 
Human Remains from Portugal. — In exhibiting, some specimens to the 
British Association, Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins said that they were brought 
from caves which appeared to belong to the time called prehistoric. There 
were three caves — the Casa de Moura, Fapa da Fourada, and the Cora da 
Moura, and they all contained similar deposits. One of them ran horizon- 
tally. The one at the bottom contained a quantity of sand and gravel, con- 
taining some curious remains of animals — the wolf, dog, lynx, and fox. In 
the interior there was a human skull. Up above this was another bed of 
sand and gravel, containing, also, thousands of remains of human beings and 
animals. All the bones were more or less smashed, and a great many of 
them were scraped. They also found some of those stones commonly called 
neolithic. These were the remains of the feasts of the cannibals. There 
were also found some plates of schist rudely sculptured. There was also 
some Celtic pottery, ornamented with lines and dots similar to that found 
in England. 
