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would be produced in the time at which the leaves were un- 
folded, grafted a scion of an early variety of hawthorn on a 
late one, and vice versa ; but he found in both cases that 
the scions produced their leaves early or late, as the case 
might be, wholly irrespective of the habit of the stock on 
which they were grafted. In spite of this and many similar 
instances which might be cited, we imagine that when gar- 
deners state that no change results from the grafting process 
they would convey the idea that the change is physiological 
rather than morphological — that the size, fruitfulness, flavour, 
period of ripening, and the like may be altered by grafting, 
but not the form. How far this is true we now proceed to show. 
And first as to the effect of the stock on the scion : — 
In many cases no further effect is produced than the mere 
hastening of the period of flowering, but in other instances we 
have alterations in “ habit,” constitution, &c. Thus, if a stock 
be hardy enough to resist the inclemency of our winters, while 
the plant from which the scion is taken is tender, we may 
make the scion nearly as hardy as its foster nurse by grafting 
it on a hardy stock. Thus seedling plants of Cupressus macro - 
carpa have perished in the severe winter, while grafts on the 
same plant “ worked on” the red-cedar Juniperus virginiana 
survived. 
Habit : — By this expression gardeners and botanists mean the 
general aspect and appearance of a plant dependent on size, the 
way in which the branches come off, their direction, &c. There 
are good habits and bad habits in a cultural sense. If a plant 
be tender, it is, for some purposes at least, of a bad habit. If 
it grow away to a great size, and produce flower and fruit but 
scantily and at long intervals, a fruit-grower would condemn 
it as of a bad habit, while a timber merchant might look on it 
with a more favouring glance. For fruit-growing purposes 
it is usually desirable to secure a plant of comparatively dwarf 
stature and of prolific habit, and this, by a proper selection of 
“stocks,” the gardener is enabled to do. He can convert a 
giant into a pigmy ; he can in a short space of time cover the 
barren branches with fruit-buds in place of leaf-buds ; he can 
change the size, enhance the flavour, modify the form, and 
alter the time of production of the fruit. All this may be 
done, in certain cases, by the choice of a suitable stock and a 
due knowledge of and provision for local circumstances of 
climate, soil, exposure, &c. 
In the case of the apple a dwarf habit, an earlier and more 
abundant production of fruit are ensured by grafting upon the 
“ Paradise,” a stock yielded by a peculiar dwarf-growing, surface- 
rooting variety of apple. Many, but not all, pears are similarly 
affected by being grafted on the quince. 
