PHALAR0P0DIDJ3 — THE PHALAROPES — PHALAROPUS. 
327 
streaked, like the back ; white on side of head not well defined. Female, with the crown uniform 
plumbeous-black or dark plumbeous, the white on side of the head surrounding the eyes, and 
abruptly defined, the nape unstreaked cinnamon and plumbeous. Adult and young in winter : 
Head, neck, and lower parts pure white, the occiput and a space partly or completely surrounding 
the eyes dark plumbeous. Upper parts uniform fine pearl-gray or light bluish plumbeous, the 
remiges slate-color. Young, first plumage : Crown, nape, back, and scapulars dull black, the 
feathers edged with ochraceous ; wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plumbeous, the middle 
coverts bordered with pale buff, the tail-coverts with ochraceous. Head (except crown) and lower 
parts generally, white ; the throat and jugulum suffused with brownish buff. Downy young: 
Above, bright tawny buff, marked with broad irregular stripes of black ; superciliary stripes bright 
tawny buff, separated only by a narrow and sometimes interrupted dusky streak ; pileum bright 
raw-umber brown, bordered exteriorly with black ; chin and throat light fulvous-buff, changing 
to smoky buff on jugulum ; rest of lower parts dull whitish. 
Total length, about 7.50 inches ; wing, about 5.25 to 5.50 ; culmen, .80 to .95 ; tarsus, .80 to 
.85 ; middle toe, .75 to .80. 
In very many respects the habits, movements, and distribution of the Red Phal- 
arope appear to be very nearly identical with those of Lobipes hyperboreus. Like that 
species, it breeds in high Arctic regions, and is even much more decidedly Arctic in 
its residence during the season of reproduction. It wanders, during the long period 
that intervenes between these short seasons, irregularly over a large portion of the 
northern hemisphere, having been traced to Calcutta, where a single specimen was 
procured, and to Northern Africa, where also one was obtained in January by Mr. 
Tyrwhitt Blake (“Ibis,” 18G7). This species is also included by Middendorff among 
the birds of Siberia, and is given as among those which penetrate to the extreme 
north. It arrives with the Red-necked Phalarope on the Taimyr River, and the 
two were equally common there and on the Boganida. In latitude 75° N. the last 
was seen on the 15th of August, and its fresh eggs were obtained June 17th, and 
lialf-fledged young ones July 25th (O. S.). The note of this bird resembles that of 
the Northern Phalarope ( Lobipes lobatus), but is even more Fincli-like. 
In the English Arctic Expedition of 1875-1876 this species was found breeding near 
the “ Alert’s ” winter-quarters (lat. 82° 37' N.), and Mr. Feilden obtained a specimen 
there — a female — on the 30th of June, 1876. During the month of July he also 
observed a pair on a small fresh-water pond in latitude 82° 30' N., where they were 
apparently breeding. The female was larger and brighter-colored than the male. 
Several other examples were seen in the same neighborhood by various members of 
the Expedition. 
According to Mr. Kumlien, this is the “Whale-bird” and “Bow-head Bird” of 
whalemen. He met with large flocks of this species at great distances from land; 
in one instance, on August 4th, in latitude 41°, longitude 68° W. Their numbers in- 
creased as he proceeded north, and at a distance of two hundred miles from the Lab- 
rador coast he noticed them in a gale in very large flocks. He states that this bird 
