PHALAROPODID.E — THE PHALAROPES — LOBIPES. 
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less rufous. Female, with the sides of the neck and jugulum uniform cinnamon-rufous, the plum- 
beous above pure and continuous. Male, with the rufous confined chiefly to the sides of the neck, 
the jugulum being mixed white and grayish, tinged with rufous ; plumbeous above duller and less 
continuous than in the female. Young, first, plumage : Crown plumbeous-dusky, with or without 
streaks ; back and scapulars black, distinctly streaked with buff or ochraceous ; wings as in adult, 
but middle coverts bordered with buff or whitish. Forehead, supra-auricular stripe, lores, and 
lower parts white, the jugulum and sides of breast sometimes suffused with dull brownish ; auricu- 
lars dusky. Downy young : Above, bright tawny, the rump with three parallel stripes of black, 
enclosing two of lighter fulvous than the ground-color ; crown covered by a triangular patch of 
mottled darker brown, bounded irregularly with blackish ; a black line over ears, not reaching to 
the eye ; throat and rest of head light tawny fulvous ; rest of lower parts white, becoming grayish 
posteriorly. 
Total length, about 7.00 inches ; wing, 4.00-4.45 ; culmen, .80-90 ; tarsus, .75-. 85 ; middle 
toe, .65-. 75. 
There is no specimen in the Smithsonian Collection representing the winter plumage of this 
species ; but this stage is thus described by Naumann, in “ Die Vogel Deutschlands ” (Vol. VIII. 
pp. 244, 245) : “ The winter plumage, which they take after the young plumage, seldom appears in 
full, and such young birds are yet moulting when another, the spring moulting, sets in. Even old 
birds are seldom found in full winter plumage, because the autumnal moulting goes on very slowly. 
The few new feathers which are often found in those killed in late autumn seem to have been over- 
looked, since a description of them can nowhere be found, although they appear quite different from 
those of the young, and even of the summer plumage. I have a specimen in which almost the whole 
plumage has been renewed, and which, therefore, has almost completely taken its winter plumage. 
It is strikingly different from the other plumages. The forehead, a stripe over the eye extending 
through the temples, bridles, chin, throat, cheeks (mostly), foreneck, breast, and belly to the tail 
pure white ; the crown gray, with bluish-white scales with black stripes on shafts ; a little spot 
before the eye black ; a strip under the eye, somewhat more extended over the auricular region, 
blackish and whitish gray mingled ; the hind neck light bluish gray, with a few somewhat darker 
spots ; the sides of the jugulum clouded with pale gray, with a yellowish-brown wash ; upper back, 
shoulders, and hinder wing-feathers gray, toward the roots of the feathers darkest, approaching 
blackish brown, with black shafts and broad bluish-white borders, by which the whole gains the 
appearance of being deep gray, with grayish- white scales. The middle tail-feathers also have dull 
white borders, and are, besides, like the upper tail-coverts, rump, or lower back, blackish brown- 
gray; the latter, however, with only a few light borders to the feathers. All the rest is like the 
young plumage, but with the wing-coverts somewhat lighter, in old birds intermixed with feathers 
the color of the shoulder-feathers (scapulars).” 
Examples vary considerably in the clearness and sharp definition of the colors, even those in 
the down differing much in this respect, some being pale yellowish, and others deep rusty fulvous ; 
the latter extreme being represented by a specimen from the region of Hudson’s Bay, the former 
by examples from the Prybilof Islands, Alaska. As, however, several from the latter locality vary 
among themselves, the difference is perhaps purely individual. 
