336 
PRJ5C0CIAL GRALLATORES — LIMICOLiE. 
Phalaropus frenatus, Yiexll. Gal. Ois. II. 1825, 178, pi. 271. 
Phalaropus stenodactylus, Wagl. Isis, 1831, 523. 
Phalaropus fimbriatus, Temm. PI. Col. V. pi. 270. 
Lobipcs incanus, Jari>. & Selby, 111. Orn. 1. pi. 16. 
“ Steganopus tricolor, Yieill.” (Coues). 
Lobipcs antarcticus, Less, (fide Frazer, P. Z. S.1843, 118). 
Hab. Temperate North America in general, but chiefly the interior portions ; rare along the 
Atlantic coast, and not recorded from the Pacific slope of California, Oregon, or Washington Terri- 
tory. North to Eastern Oregon, the Saskatchewan, Nova Scotia, and Maine ; south, in migrations, 
to Brazil and Patagonia (Chupat Valley). 
Sp. Char. Adult female in summer : Forehead and crown pale pearl-gray, the former with a 
blackish line on each side ; occiput and nape white, changing to plumbeous gray on the back and 
scapulars. Stripe on the side of the head (chiefly back of the eye), and continued down the side 
of the neck, deep black, changing on the lower part of the neck into rich dark chestnut — this 
extending backward more interruptedly on each side of the interscapular region ; outer scapulars 
marked with a similar stripe. A short stripe above the lores and eyes (not reaching the bill), 
cheeks, chin, and throat pure white ; foreneck and juguluin soft huffy cinnamon, deepest laterally 
and posteriorly, and fading gradually into creamy buff on the breast ; remaining lower parts white. 
Wings brownish gray, the coverts and tertials bordered with paler; rump brownish gray, upper 
tail-coverts pure white. Adult male in summer: Smaller and much duller than the female, with 
the beautiful markings of the latter but faintly indicated. Adult and young in winter : Above, con- 
tinuous light ash-gray ; upper tail-coverts, superciliary stripe, and lower parts white, the jugulum 
and sides of breast tinged faintly with pale ashy. Young , first plumage : Crown, back, and scapu- 
lars blackish dusky, the feathers bordered conspicuously with buff. Upper tail-coverts, superciliary 
stripe, and lower parts white, the neck tinged with buff. Downy young : Prevailing color bright 
tawny fulvous, paler beneath, the abdomen nearly white ; occiput and nape with a distinct median 
streak of black, on the former branching laterally into two narrower, somewhat zigzag lines ; lower 
back and rump with three broad black stripes ; flanks with a black spot, and caudal region crossed 
by a wide subterminal bar of the same. 
Male: Wing, 4.75-4.80; culmen, 1.25; tarsus, 1.20-1.25; middle toe, .90. Female: Wing, 
5.20-5.30 ; culmen, 1.30-1.35 ; tarsus, 1.30-1.35 ; middle toe, .90-1.00. 
The habits of this exclusively American Phalarope, and to some extent its geo- 
graphical distribution, have continued, until very recently, to be imperfectly ascer- 
tained. It was known to Wilson by only a single specimen, all record of which has 
been lost. Even Audubon appears to have met with very few of this species, and 
to have gathered but little information as to its habits. It is now known to be by 
far more common in the interior than near the coast, to breed in Northern Illinois, 
Iowa, Wisconsin, Dakota, and Oregon, and thence northward into the British pos- 
sessions to an unascertained extent. It is also abundant in Utah, but does not appear 
