398 
ALECTORIDES. 
Fulica atra. 
THE EUROPEAN COOT. 
Fulica atra, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152; ed. 12, I. 1766, 257. — Keys. & Blas. 'Wirb. Eur. 
1840, 68. — Naum. Yog. Deutscld. IX. 1838, 635, pi. 241. — Schleg. Rev. Grit. 1844, 102. — 
Macgill. Man. Orn. II. 118 ; Hist. Brit. B. IV. 1852, 560. — Ridgw. Nom. N. Am. B. 1881, 
no. 58d , ’( Greenland, fide Prof. J. Reinhardt), — Coues, Check List, 2d ed. 1882, no. 885. 
Fulica aterrima, Retz. Faun. Suec. 1800, 199. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 710, pi. 36, fig. 4. 
Fulica leucoryx, Gmel. S. N. 1. 1788, 703. 
Fulica cethiops, Gmel. t. c. 704. 
Fulica platyur os, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. 711. 
Hab. Palsearctic Region in general ; accidental in Greenland (Prof. J. Reinhardt). 
Sp. Char. Adult: Head and neck black, this changing gradually into very dark plumbeous- 
slate on the upper parts, and to lighter, more grayish, slate on the lower surface ; rump, posterior 
scapulars, and hind part of back more or less tinged with dark olivaceous ; under surface of pri- 
maries silvery gray ; edge of wing and very narrow margin to outer web of outer primary, white. 
Bill (in life) pale red at the base, the tip white ; frontal plate bluish white ; iris crimson ; feet 
bluish gray tinged with olive ; the bare part of the tibia orange ; claws olivaceous (Macgillivray). 
Young: Similar to the adult, but more grayish ; the bill and frontal plate dull greenish ; the iris 
brown, etc. Downy young : Sooty blackish above, dark sooty gray below ; neck, back, and wings 
ornamented with fine dull-white filaments, the forehead and lores with peculiar small, thickened, 
and somewhat curled horny attachments to the down, of a pale dull orange-color (perhaps bright 
orange or reddish in life) ; basal half of bill pale brownish (reddish or orange in life?), the 
terminal half porcelain- white, tipped with jet-black. 
Total length, about 16.00 inches ; extent of wings, 22.00 ; wing, 7,70-8.80 ; culmen (including 
frontal plate), 1.70-2.00; tarsus. 2.25-2.35 ; middle toe, 2.85-3.15. 
Family ARAMIDAL — The Courlans. 
Aramidce, Bonap. Consp. II. 1855, 103. 
Char. Large Rail-like birds, differing from the true Rails ( Rallidcc ) in the outer 
primary being shorter than the seventh, its inner web greatly narrowed, as if cut 
away, except at end ; the elongated hill (about equal to the tarsus) slightly curved 
to one side at the tip ; the inner secondaries well developed, broad, their webs 
slightly decomposed ; the rectrices well developed, firm, and very distinct from the 
coverts. 
The Courlans are very closely related to the true Rails, and so far as the external 
structure is concerned, scarcely differ except in the peculiarities pointed out above, 
none of which, however, seem to be shared by any of the Rallidce proper. But one 
genus is known, the characters of which are as follows : — 
Genus ARAMUS, Yieillot. 
Aramus, Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 58 (type, Courliri, Buff., = Ardca scolopacea, Gmel.). — Baird, 
B. N. Am. 1858, 657. 
Char. Bill elongated, much compressed, both mandibles decurved and turned slightly to one 
side at tip. Gonys very long. Bill of equal width nearly from base to tip ; nostrils pervious, in 
