404 
ALECTORIDES. 
longer, its claw much larger than the outer. Hind toe elevated, short. Toes connected at base by 
membrane. Tarsi broadly scutellate anteriorly. Tertials longer than primaries, decurved ; first 
quill not much shorter than second. Tail of twelve feathers. 
Synopsis of Species. 
A. Adult plumage white, the primaries black ; cheeks naked. 
1. G. americana. Bill very thick, the gonys strongly convex. 
B. Adult plumage grayish or plumbeous, the primaries slate-color ; cheeks always feathered. 
2. G. canadensis. Bill slender, longer than middle toe ; gonys straight. 
a. canadensis. Wing, 17.75-19.00 inches ; culmen, 2.90-3.70 ; tarsus, 6.70-8.00 ; middle toe, 
2.80-2.95. Hob. Alaska to New Mexico and Texas, breeding (exclusively?) far north- 
ward. 
0. mexicana. Wing, 22.00 inches ; culmen, 5.00-6.00 inches ; tarsus, 10.00 ; middle toe, 
3.50 or more. Hob. Western United States and Gulf States from Washington Territory 
to Florida. 
G. canadensis mexicana. 
Grus americana. 
THE WHOOPING CRANE. 
Ardea americana, Linn. S. N. I. 1766, 234 (based on Enw. pi. 132 ; Catesb. pi. 75 ; Briss. V. 
382). — Wils. Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 20, pi. 64, fig. 3. 
Grus americana, Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831, 372. — Nutt. Man. II. 1834, 34. — Aud. Orn. Biog. 
III. 1835, 202, pi. 226 ; Synop. 1839, 219 ; B. Am. V. 1842, 188, pi. 313. — Baird, B. N. Am. 
1858, 654 ; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 478. — Coues, Key, 1872, 271 ; Check List, 1873, no. 462 ; 
ed. 2, 1882, no. 668 ; Birds F. W. 1874, 530. — Ridgw. Nom. N. Am. B. 1881, no. 582. 
Grus clamator, Bartr. Trav. 1791, 292. 
Grus struthio, Wagl. Syst. Av. 1827, Grus, no. 6. 
Grus Hoyanus, Dudley, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. VII. 1854, 64 (young). — Stimpson, Mem. Chicago 
Acad. I. 1868, 129, pi. 19. 
La Grue d' Amirique, Buff. PI. Enl. 1770-1784, pi. 889 (adult). 
Hooping Crane, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 409, no. 37. — Penn. Arct. Zool. IT. 1785, 442. 
