408 
ALECTORIDES. 
Grnsfusca (part), Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XIII. 1817, 558 (= “ Ardea canadensis, Lath.,” and refers 
to both forms). 
Grus canadensis (nec Temm. ex Linn.), Nutt. Man. II. 1834, 38. — Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 655 ; 
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 479. — Coues, Key, 1872, 271 ; Check List, 1873, no. 463 ; Birds N. 
W. 1874, 532. — Ridgw. Nom. N. Am. B. 188], no. 583. 
Grus americana (supposed young), Aud. Orn. Biog. III. 1835, 441, pi. 261'; Synop. 1839, 219 ; 
B. Am. V. 1842, 188, pi. 314. 
Hab. The true G. canadensis, Arctic and Subarctic America, migrating south in winter. 
Breeds in Alaska to the coast at St. Michael’s, in the Mackenzie River district, along the whole of 
the Arctic coast, and other parts of the high north, where entirely replacing the larger G. mexicana. 
The latter, southern half of North America in general, excepting the Atlantic seaboard north of 
Florida (and the extreme north ?) ; Cuba ; Mexico. Formerly found throughout the east also. 
Sp. Char. Adult: Entire pileum, including lores, covered with a bare, granulated skin (red- 
dish in life), interspersed with scattered fine blackish hairs ; the posterior margin of this bare skin 
divided medially, on the occiput, by an angular projection of the feathers on the upper part of the 
nape. General color of the plumage continuous and nearly uniform plumbeous-gray, this fre- 
quently stained or overlain in places by a rusty wash, the primaries slate-colored, with whitish 
shafts. Cheeks and throat sometimes distinctly whitish. Legs and feet blackish ; bill blackish, 
paler at tip ; iris crimson ? Young : Head entirely feathered. Plumage much as in the adult, but 
of a lighter and more brownish gray, and always conspicuously stained, especially on upper parts, 
with tawny cinnamon or ferruginous. 
a canadensis. 
Wing, 17.50-19.00 inches ; culmen, 2.90-3.70 ; tarsus, 6.70-8.00 ; middle toe, 2.80-2.95. 
Wing, 20.00-22.00 inches ; culmen, 5.00-6.00 ; tarsus, 10.00 ; middle toe, 3.50-4.10. 
In this species there is a vast amount of individual variation in both proportions and colors, 
especially the former, scarcely two specimens being approximately alike in all their measurements. 
As to colors, the cheeks and throat are usually grayish or light ash-gray ; but sometimes they are 
distinctly white, in very marked contrast to the plumbeous-gray of the nape — a peculiarity we are 
inclined to ascribe to probable greater maturity of the individual. Besides this variation, the 
plumage is frequently almost entirely devoid of any rusty stain, while again it is very highly tinged 
with that color. 
The shape of the bill also varies greatly, as does also the appearance of the naked part of the 
head ; the latter is sometimes roughly granulated or almost papillose, with few hairs (as in No. 
8914, Nebraska, in which it is also scarcely divided by the occipital feathers), while again (as in 
No. 13440, Utah) it is densely covered, especially on the lores, with black hairs, while the occipital 
feathers form a deep angle projecting far into the naked skin of the crown. 
Although we have as yet not been able to find specimens which were not positively the one form 
or the other, we consider it very probable that the two races distinguished above as canadensis and 
mexicana will yet be found to intergrade, since we have been wholly unable to discover any 
