ANSERINzE — THE GEESE — BERNICLA. 
457 
inches ; culmen, 1.55-2.70 ; depth of mandible at base, .80-1.20 ; width, .75-1.20 ; tar- 
sus, 2.45-3.70 ; middle toe, 2.25-3.30. (Ten specimens measured.) Hub. United States 
generally, and British Provinces, breeding chiefly north of 40°. 
2. Occidentals. Whole plumage more brown than in canadensis, the lower parts only 
slightly paler than the upper, the deep brown of the abdomen contrasted abruptly with 
the white of the anal region ; white cheek-patches frequently separated by a black throat- 
stripe, and white collar round lower neck usually very distinct in winter plumage. Wing, 
16.25-18.00 inches; culmen, 1.40-1.65; depth of maxilla at base, .80-. 95 ; width, .70- 
l.GO ; tarsus, 3.05-3.25 ; middle, toe, 2.50-2.75. (Two specimens measured.) Hah. 
Northwest coast, south to California in winter; north to Sitka. 
B. Tail-feathers usually 13 to 16 ; size usually small. 
3. Hutchinsi. Exactly like canadensis in plumage, but averaging slightly darker; size 
smaller. Wing, 14.75-17.75 inches ; culmen, 1.20-1.90; depth of maxilla at base, .70- 
1.00; width, .60-. 85 ; tarsus, 2.25-3.20 ; middle toe, 2.05-2.80. (Seventeen specimens 
measured.) Hah. Breeding in the Arctic Regions, migrating south in winter, chiefly 
through the Western United States and Mississippi Valley. 
4. Leucopareia. Exactly like occidentalis in colors, but averaging still darker, the size 
much smaller. Wing, 13.60-16.35 inches; culmen, .95-1.35 ; depth of maxilla at base, 
.60-.75 ; width, .52-. 70 ; tarsus, 2.10-3.1 0 ; middle toe, 1.80-2.45. (Ten specimens meas- 
ured.) Hob. Breeding in the Western Arctic Regions (coast of Alaska, etc.), migrating 
southward into Western United States, though occasionally straying eastward to the 
Mississippi Valley. 
It is barely possible that the several forms defined above really represent as many distinct 
species, and the intermediate specimens which occur are the result of extensive hybridization ; or 
there may be two species, a larger 
and smaller ( B . canadensis and B. 
Hutchinsi ), distinguished also by a 
difference in the number of rectrices, 
and each having a darker western 
representative race. Indeed we are 
inclined to regard the latter view with 
considerable favor. At present, how- 
ever, we can do no more than to de- 
scribe each form in detail, and present 
the history of each as known at the 
present time. 1 
a. canadensis. — The Large Can- 
ada Goose. 
Adult (No. 10402, Salt Lake, Utah ; 
Captain Stansbury) : Size very large, 
the bill lengthened and depressed, 
the lower parts pale gray in color, 
fading insensibly into the white of the 
anal region. White gular patch im- 
maculate. Wing, 20.00 inches ; cul- 
men, 2.10; tarsus, 3.30; middle toe, 
3.20. Tail-feathers, 17. 
1 Since the above was written many additional specimens of B. leucopareia have been received at 
the National Museum. These are so uniform in all their characters as to leave no doubt in my mind 
that the species is distinct from B. canadensis. The relationship of B. Hutchinsi is still uncertain, but 
the probability is that it represents a lighter-colored inland race of leucopareia; though, on the other hand, 
it may be a small northern form of canadensis, bearing the same relation to the latter that Orus cama- 
densis does to G. mexicana. — It. R. 
vol. I. — 58 
