506 
LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS — ANSERES. 
Chaulelasmus streperus. 
THE GADWALL; GRAY DUCK. 
Anas strepera, Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 125 ; ed. 12, 1. 1766, 200. — Wils. Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 
120, pi. 71. — Nutt. Man. II. 1834, 383. — Aud. Orn. Biog. IV. 1838, 353, pi. 348 ; Synop. 
1839, 378 ; B. Am. VI. 1843, 254, pi. 388. 
Anas ( Ohauliodus ) streperus, Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831, 440. 
Chaulelasmus streperus, “Gray, 1838 List B. Br. Mus. 1844, 139. • — Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 
782 ; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 584. — Coues, Key, 1872, 286 ; Check List, 1873, no. 491 ; 2d 
ed. 1882, no. 711 ; Birds N. W. 1874, 563. — Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, no. 604. 
Anas strepera americana, Max. Jour, fur Orn. II. 1842, 169. 
“Chaulelasmus americana, Bp.” (Gray). , 
“Anas cinerea et subulata, S. G. Gmedin.” (Gray). 
Anas kelcuschka, Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 531. 
“Anas mail, Hodgson” (Gray). 
“ Anas capensis, Savainson” (Gray). 
Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan (Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America). Temperate North 
America in general, breeding chiefly within the United States ; West Indies (Scl. & Salv.). 
Sp. Char. Adult male in fall, winter, and spring : Ground-color of the head and neck pale 
brown, or brownish white, thickly speckled with black ; on the pileum the brown deeper and 
more uniform, and the specks obsolete ; on the occiput, 
when present, they incline to the form of transverse 
bars. Jugulum marked with greatly curved bars, or 
crescents, of white and black, the bars of the latter 
wider. Lateral portions of the body beneath, back, 
and scapulars finely undulated, in curved transverse 
lines, with slate-color and white. Many of the longer 
scapulars plain brownish gray, broadly edged with a 
lighter, more fulvous tint. Rump plain dull slate. 
Tail-coverts, above. and below, intense opaque velvety 
black. Tail cinereous, faintly edged with white. 
Middle rows of wing-coverts bright chestnut, the 
anterior coverts brownish gray, and the posterior ones 
deep black ; last row deep velvety black. Speculum 
immaculate pure white, the lower feathers cinereous 
(some with black on outer webs), narrowly tipped 
with white ; tertials plain pale ash, the primaries a 
darker shade of the same. “ Bill bluish black. Iris 
reddish hazel. Feet dull orange-yellow, claws brown- 
ish black, webs dusky” (Audubon). Adult male, in 
summer : “ Crown brownish black, with a greenish tinge ; an indistinct streak through the eye, 
dark brown ; rest of the head and neck dull brownish white, marked with blackish brown, as in the 
previously described bird [adult male in spring] ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark blackish 
brown, each feather margined with rusty red ; wings and tail as in the bird above described ; 
breast dull rusty red, each feather with a central black spot ; flanks dark brown, broadly marked 
and margined with dull rufous ; the rest of the under parts dull white, each feather having a 
central blackish brown-drop-shaped mark” (Sharpe & Dresser). 
Adult female : Colors chiefly brownish dusky and brownish white, in longitudinal streaks on 
would answer for both species ; but the C. Couesi is immediately distinguished by its greatly inferior size, 
which hardly exceeds that of a Teal, the different color of the bill and feet, and the singular discrepancy 
in the lamelhe of the bill, which are much smaller, and one third more numerous. 
“Habitat : Washington Island, one of the Fanning Group, situated about latitude 6° N. and longitude 
160° W.” 
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