240 Annual Report for 1907 of the Zoologist. 
and burnt, and something must be done to clear the soil of the 
worm. For this purpose carbolic acid has proved very 
effectual, and the amount to be used is governed not by the 
superficial area but by the cubic content of the soil, which can 
readily be roughly estimated in the case of a frame. Two 
ounces of carbolic per cubic foot of earth is generally sufficient 
to eradicate the pest. 
Caterpillars. 
The impetus given to various caterpillar attacks by the wet 
weather in June and July was very marked. Complaints were 
heard on all hands of fruit and garden trees having their 
foliage destroyed by these pests, and from the specimens sent 
it was evident that the recognised orchard enemies were by no 
means the only ones at work. Indeed, in many cases the 
winter moth caterpillars were greatly out-numbered by various 
species of “ leaf -rollers,” the larvae of the group of moths 
known as Tortricidce. Several of these are common enough, 
and to be found in every garden, but it is seldom that they do 
as mi;ch harm as was the case during the past season. These 
exceptional attacks furnish no reason for relaxing the 
precautions to be taken against the winter moth, Avhich is a 
constant pest, while the leaf-rollers only occur spasmodically 
in injurious numbers. The life-history of the winter moth is 
well known, and its green, white-lined, looper caterpillar easily 
recognised, and all fruit-growers know that its practically 
wingless female can be prevented from climbing the fruit trees 
to lay eggs by banding early in October. But this measure 
Fig. 4.— a, Male Winter moth. B, Female, natural size, c, Caterpillar, enlarged. 
does not, of course, deter such moths as the Tortricidce, which 
can fly perfectly well, and the fruit-grower ought to be ready 
with an arsenic wash, in the Spring, to be used in case of need, 
and without loss of time. Its object is to kill the caterpillars 
by poisoning their food, so that it is only used if the pest is 
already at work, but the earlier the attack is noticed the more 
efficacious the treatment. Moreover, at a later stage the 
