Co-operative Dairies in Denmark. 
387 
permits of the manufacture of butter in large quantity and of uniform 
brand or quality — a great desideratum in the English market — it has 
resulted in Denmark taking the first place as an exporter of butter 
to England. From a table giving the imports of butter into Eng- 
land for the six years 1886-91, we gather that Denmark in that 
time more than doubled her contribution, which in 1891 stood at 
397,449 quintals, 1 France coming next with 242,765 ; Sweden, 
106,590 ; Holland, 66,470; Germany, 52,395 ; United States, 
28,891 ; Canada, 20,985 ; and all other countries, 53,164. 
Division of Profits. — The payments received by each shareholder 
are of two kinds : weekly payments, exactly proportioned to the 
quantity and quality of milk supplied ; and yearly payments, re- 
sulting from the general profit made by the company during the 
period. These are made proportional to the quantity of milk fur- 
nished by each shareholder without question as to its quality. 
Valuing the Cream sent in. — The weight of milk is ascertained 
daily on arrival. Its richness in cream is determined weekly by 
Fjord’s control apparatus, and the price for the week is fixed by 
Fjord’s tables on this basis. Fjord’s apparatus is the one almost 
always used in Denmark, and although it is not strictly a butyrometer, 
that is, it does not give accurately the percentage of butter fat in the 
samples of milk, yet it does indicate with sufficient exactness the 
minimum proportion of cream that should be obtained by the 
separator : thus a milk marking 8 per cent, should actually yield 
8 per cent, of cream at least. As all the samples are tested under 
identical conditions the control is equally fair to all subscribers, and 
any deficiency due to it is recovered in the annual distribution of 
profits. The price paid per pound of milk is fixed by three factors : — 
1. The richness in cream as ascertained by Fjord’s apparatus. 
2. The “ official price ” of butter fixed weekly by the Copenhagen 
market. 
3. The number of pounds of milk of average quality (say 28) assumed to 
give 1 lb. of butter. This figure is fixed by the bye-laws of the company, 
and is always considerably above the truth, in order that the full value of 
the cream may not be paid for on delivery, a margin being required to meet 
the working expenses of the coucern. 
The tables referred to are furnished with a movable column on 
the principle of the slide rule. By placing the mean percentage of 
cream in this column opposite the figure ( e.g . 28) representing the 
assumed number of pounds of average milk required to make 1 lb. of 
butter, the manager reads off at once, in one or other of the 
columns representing the different official market prices of butter, 
the price to be paid per 4 lb. of milk opposite to each ascertained 
percentage of cream in the samples. For example, the factor 28 
being used, and the official price of butter being 100 ores 2 3 per pound 
1 The quintal being so nearly 2 cwt. (only 3'3 lb. short), there is no 
necessity for converting these into English weights. 
3 100 Ores Danish = ls. 1 \d. English. 
