The Diseases and Feeding of Cattle. 
427 
however, in the department of the Nord, France, until 1826, hut during the 
years from 1820 to 1840 it penetrated into most parts of that country. During 
the same period it was introduced into and allowed to spread over Belgium 
and Holland. 
This contagion is said to have been carried to Ireland from Holland in 
1839, and is reported as existing in England in 1842. The disease was 
brought to the United States at several different times. Probably the first 
introduction of the contagion was with a diseased cow sold in Brooklyn, 
New York, in 1843. It came to New Jersey by importing affected animals 
in 1847. Massachusetts was infected in the same way in 1869. 
South Africa was infected by a bull brought from Holland in 1854, and 
Australia likewise received the contagion with an English cow in 1858. It 
is also reported as existing in various parts of the continent of Asia, but the 
time of its first appearance and the extent of its distribution are very 
uncertain. 
Some countries which had only been infected for a short time — such as 
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark — have succeeded in eradicating the disease 
without much difficulty by slaughtering all affected and exposed animals. 
Other countries long infected, and in which the contagion was thoroughly 
established — like Australia, South Africa, Italy, France, Belgium, and parts 
of Germany — have laboured long, in some cases making no progress and in 
others being only partially successful. Holland was one of the first of the 
thoroughly infected countries to free itself from the contagion. 
In the United States, Massachusetts eradicated pleuro-pneumonia during 
the period from 1860 to 1866. New York and New Jersey made an attempt 
to eradicate it in 1879, but were not successful. Late in 1883 the contagion 
was carried to Ohio, probably by Jersey cattle purchased in the vicinity of 
Baltimore, Maryland, to which place it had extended previous to 1868. 
From the herd then infected it was spread by the sale of cattle during 1884 
to a limited number of herds in Illinois, to one herd in Missouri, and to two 
herds in Kentucky. The alarm caused among the stock-owners of the 
United States by this wide-spread dissemination of a disease so much 
dreaded led to the adoption of active measures for its control and eradica- 
tion. By co-operation between the United States Department of Agricul- 
ture and the authorities of the affected States, it was found possible to pre- 
vent the further spread of the contagion and to eradicate it after a few 
months’ delay. 
In 1886 pleuro-pneumonia was discovered in some of the large distillery 
stables of Chicago, and among cows on neighbouring lots. This led to re- 
newed efforts to secure the complete extirpation of this disease from the 
country. Congress, in 1887, enlarged the appropriation available for this 
purpose, and gave more extended authority. During the same year the 
disease was stamped out of Chicago, and has not since appeared in any dis- 
trict west of the Alleghany Mountains. 
The work of eradication was at the same time commenced in all of the 
infected States. Before the end of the year 1889, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
Maryland, the district of Columbia and Virginia, had been freed from the 
disease. More difficulties, however, were encountered in the States of New 
York and New Jersey, on account of the larger territory infected and the 
density of the population. The long struggle was crowned with success, 
however, and the last animal in which the disease appeared in the State 
of New York was slaughtered early in 1891, and the last one affected in 
New Jersey met the same fate early in the spring of 1892. 
During these same years a supreme effort has been made to stamp out 
this lung plague from Great Britain. From the official reports it appears 
that the number of infected districts and of diseased animals have rapidly 
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