Suggestions for Stock- feeding in the Winter of 1893-94. 475 
neck, each one receiving, according to her size, from 3 to 5 lb. 
of decorticated cotton-cake, and a wisp of hay when it was 
deemed expedient, with a wisp again in the morning. Being 
turned out with an appetite, these cattle were not in the habit 
of standing about with arched backs under the fences, but were 
at once engaged in browsing on the grass. My farm, I may 
say, situated though it is in a valley, is 700 feet above sea 
level, and is not at all an uncommonly well-sheltered farm. If, 
then, cattle will do well out of doors every day in the winter 
on a farm like this, they will do equally well on at least half 
the farms in the country at large. 
The cost of these cattle in cake was just about 2s. per head 
per week, and the cost in hay about Is. — say, 3s. per head per 
week for twenty weeks, or 31. each for the winter. Now, these 
cattle cost on the average, in November and December, exactly 
hi. 8s. per head, and at the end of April they were worth, I 
considered, ID. per head, showing a profit of 21. I2s. per head 
as a reward for the trouble of looking after them during five 
months, and there was the additional profit of a quantity of 
manure. The ten heifers kept through the whole of the winter 
went on with the rest at “ grass day,” and were sold out fat, 
most of them before Midsummer, and the rest in July — save 
one only, which was sold in August — and the average price 
realised was 14 1. 8s. 6d. per head, or 9£. Os. 6d. per head 
more than they cost in the fall of the previous year. It will 
be obvious to anyone practically acquainted with summer 
grazing that these cattle came out in good condition in the 
spring — as indeed they did — -or they could not have been sold 
out fat as early as they actually were. 
Now, I would ask, Why not winter barren cattle this way in 
the coming dead time of the year ? Calves, yearlings, “ twinters ” 
— barren cattle of any age, in fact — may well be wintered in this 
manner, now that forage is so abnormally deficient in quantity. 
Lean stock must be wintered somehow, and they will all be 
wanted in the spriDg ; but thousands of “ half-meated ” things 
will be hurried off to the butcher out of dread of the winter. 
If only the land gets fairly well covered with grass there will 
be something for the cattle to pull at through the winter, so 
long as the ground is bare of snow. As a matter of fact, 
easily susceptible of demonstration by anybody, barren cattle 
of all ages, if ouly the land is tolerably dry and fairly well 
sheltered, will go through the winter entirely out of doors if 
need be, provided also that they get a few pounds of cake per 
day, and a handful or two of hay when there is snow on the 
ground. If it were really cruel so to treat them, why is' it con- 
