576 Tijpicai Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
calves which are selected to fill up the herd suck their mothers 
for about a fortnight ; they are then taken on hand, and fed on 
scalded whey or skim-milk, and linseed or oatmeal. In due 
course they are turned out on the pastures, the meal and cake or 
thirds flour being continued until they come into the yards in 
the fall of the year. Liberal treatment continues throughout 
the winter, and from the following May, when they are turned 
out, they in some cases receive 2 lb. of meal and cake per day, 
and in others depend on the natural pastures until they calve. 
The heifers are put to the bull at from 15 to 18 months old, and 
calve down at the age of two years to two years and three months. 
IV. & V. We proceed to notice the customs and agreements 
that apply more or less to the remaining farms visited in 
Cheshire. 
Customs And Covenants in Cheshire. 
The customary tenure is an annual one with six months’ notice, 
to terminate at Candlemas Day. The incomer sometimes has 
right of pre-entry on the meadows and tillage land on Christmas 
Day, and the offgoer retains possession of the house and buildings 
and a boozy 1 pasture (set aside by the landlord) till the 1st of 
May. The outgoing tenant is entitled to way-going crop of 
wheat, viz., one half if after green crops, and two-thirds if after 
bare fallow. He is allowed the cost of seeds sown in the last 
year of his tenancy, provided they have not been depastured 
after October. The manure falls in to the landlord at the 
expiration of the tenancy, and the unconsumed hay, straw, and 
roots after the 1st of May would also become his property, 
but two-thirds of the value is allowed for the hay and straw. 
The recommendations of the Cheshire Chamber of Agriculture 
adopted in the year 1884 have to some extent modified these cus- 
toms with regard to outgoing allowances, and, if they have not 
the full force of custom, they have since been more or less em- 
bodied in agreements, and would also receive recognition under 
the Agricultural Holdings Act. They were as follows : — 
Landlords should be reimbursed by outgoing tenants — 
(a) For failure to keep house and premises in tenantable repair ; 
(b) For failure to maintain gates, fences, and watercourses in proper 
order ; 
(c) For damage for breaking up excess of pastures or for exhaustive 
cropping — 
the full valuation of such repairs or damage. 
1 A well-known term, applied to a pasture for stock which are kept till 
May to consume hay, straw, and roots after the land is relinquished. A 
“ boozy ” is a manger, hence the expression. 
