579 
Typical Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
exclusively for butter-making, tlie product being potted in the summer, and 
generally sold at more than Is. per lb. The skim milk is divided between 
the pigs and the calves, the latter being reared by hand with skim milk 
and oatmeal. The youug stock are pastured in the summer and brought 
into the yards io the winter, and live upon roots, straw, and hay. No corn 
or cake is given them. The two-year-old bullocks are sold off the grass for 
winter feeding elsewhere, and the selected heifers take the place in the 
dairy of older cows, which are sold off. The sheep are a flying flock. Some 
Welsh and Scotch cross-bred yearling wethers are usually bought in the 
autumn and sold off fat the following spring and summer. Ewes similarly 
bred are put to a Shropshire tup, and run out through the winter, the 
lambs being sold fat from the following June to August, off the grass. 
The offspring of the one breeding sow are mostly fattened with dairy offal, 
barley, and oatmeal, to 12 score weight. Some are cured for home use, 
and some sold to the butcher. The remainder are disposed of as stores. 
A considerable number of turkeys, chickens, and ducks are reared, and 
Irish geese are bought after harvest for stubbling. 
The labour is chiefly done by the family, Mr. Jones and two sons on 
the farm, and Mrs. Jone3 and two daughters in the dairy and house. 
About 30/. per annum for extraneous assistance covers the labour bill of 
this holding. 
2. The Farm of Mr. David Koberts, Fron, Mold, Flintshire. 
This farm is in the parish of Arddvnwent, and is situated at an altitude 
of 840 feet to 900 feet. It slopes to the north-west, and is considerably 
exposed. The climate is severe, and the district is more backward than the 
valleys in the vicinity. It rests on the Millstone Grit formation, and the 
soil varies considerably from a moderate light friable nature to that of a 
strong and tenacious character. The house and stone buildings are such 
as usually characterise Welsh Hill holdings. The buildings contain 
stabling accommodation for 10 horses, 12 cows, and a similar number of 
calves, besides yard for young stock. Hay and straw lofts are arranged 
over the stabling, and there is a granary over the cart-shed, a room 
adjacent being used for cutting chaff, pulping roots by hand, mixing corn, 
and preparing food. Mr. lloberts, who succeeded his father-in-law, has 
occupied the farm four years under a yearly tenancy. The farm contains 
about 113 acres, 32 of which are under cereal or green crops, viz. : 7 j 
barley, 5 wheat, 124 oats, and 7 divided between potatoes, mangel, and 
swedes; 27 are under first, second, and third year clover levs; and the 
remainder is in pasture and meadow. The general rotation is — Wheat after 
third year’s ley, bastard fallowed and limed, barley or oats, green crop (viz. 
potatoes, mangel, and swedes), oats, clover ley left down for three years. 
Farm-yard manure is chiefly applied for roots, but a small quantity cf 
superphosphate is also used. The barley was looking moderately promising, 
oats well, and wheat good. The potatoes, Magnum Donum variety, were 
regular ; mangel and swedes were good, the plants not hoed out, aud fairly 
clean. 
The pasture land appeared to be grazing well ; but the clovers, with the 
exception of 9 acres of tirst year’s growth, drawn for mowing, which was an 
excellent crop, were suffering from the drought. About 15 acres of clover 
and hay are annually mown by grass-cutting machine. Some of the fields 
are fenced by stone walls ; the remainder are planted on high banks, and 
are of the usually rough Welsh character. Several have been planted and 
improved by the tenant. 
