584 Typical Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
acres, from 2 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. deep, with 2£ in. pipes found by the landlord, 
at a cost of 170/., and has removed about 4,000 yards of old fences, at an 
average of 3 d. per yard. He has straightened and replanted other fences, has 
enlarged some of the fields, and has also made new pits where required and 
filled up unnecessary ones. 
The farm contains 243 acres, of which about 55 acres are each year 
under crops and seeds, whilst the rest is in permanent pasture and older 
leys. This year’s crops consisted of — 
15 acres of oats. I 5 acres of swedes. 
5 „ barley. | 15 „ first year’s seeds. 
The rotation is — Oats, oats, green crop, oats, clovers left down two or 
three years. Green crops are sown on the ridge, stable manure and 2 to 3 
cwt. Peruvian guano being split in. Fifteen acres of the first year’s seeds 
and about 45 acres of the older leys or pastures, making GO acres in all, are 
mown each year. These are afterwards manured with 15 tons of stable 
manure per acre, or dressed with 6 cwt. per acre of bone turnings. Other 
parts of the grass land are similarly treated, and the whole of the ground 
is manured at least once in seven years. The outlay in Peruvian guano and 
bones is 80/. per year, and stable manure costs 20/. more and the cartage. 
The grazing land when seen was not much burnt, and had a moderate 
amount of keep upon it. The fields vary in size from 50 acres to 5. The 
fences bounding some of the pastures were old but not neglected, and the 
mowing ground was not particularly encouraging. 
The stock consisted of — 
2 ponies. 
3 cart horses (1 mare in foal). 
61 milking cows. 
16 two-year-old heifers. 
17 yearling heifers. 
15 heifer calves. 
1 bull. 
66 Shropshire ewes and lambs. 
55 half-bred wethers. 
100 pigs purchased per annum. 
The cows were a useful-looking lot of milkers, principally bred at home, 
and sired by a fairly-bred Shorthorn bull. Some Irish heifers are occasion- 
ally bought. There being very few roots grown, the milking cows and 
heifers depend chiefly on hay for their winter food. This is supplemented 
with cotton-cake, purchased corn, and home-grown oats. The cows are 
calved down about the beginning of February, and, with the exception of 
15 heifers reared on hand for replenishing the herd, are sold off a week old 
at the current market i ate. A fresh lot of ewes are bought every autumn 
and put to a Shropshire ram. The ewes lie out on the pastures till the be- 
ginning of March, when they are brought to the buildings and are gAen some 
hay and 1 lb. of mixed corn and cake per day. They are moved out on the 
clovers a week after lambing, the cake being continued, and the lambs run 
with their mothers until sold fat in May and June, the ewes following as 
they become ready. The pigs also are bought as strong stores, and fed off 
with dairy refuse and corn at about 10 scores weight. The whey and meal 
are mixed but not cooked or scalded. The purchased food account amounts 
<o 350/. per annum, and the oats and barley grown are consumed on the 
farm, as is usually the case also with the whole of the hay and straw. The 
medium-ripening system of cheese-making is pursued, and the cheeses, which 
average about 801b. weight, are of good quality, and readily disposed of to 
dealers at home. No milk is sold. 
There are no cottages belonging to the holding. The waggoner, who 
lives in the neighbourhood, receives 10-'. a week and food, with extra for bay 
and corn harvest ; he is also allowed potato ground. A regular labourer 
