Typical Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
591 
but lOper cent, allowance has been made on the last two half-years’ payments, 
to be laid out in bones and applied to the land. The farm occupies 216 acres, 
half of which are arable and the other half pasture. Rates have consider- 
ably increased during the last 10 years. The house, with nice garden and 
orchard, the dairy, and buildings arewell erected and arranged, and in excellent 
order. The buildings provide for 5 horses, 64 cows, and include cart-sheds 
and granary above. A 4-horse-power engine works shafting which drives 
cake and com crusher, chaff cutter, pulper, &c. in corn room, to which a 
garner from above feeds bran and other foods for mixing for consumption 
by the stock. Two Dutch barns, 75 ft. by 24 ft. by 19 ft. high, and a lean-to 
implement shed have been erected by the tenant at a cost of 180/. ; his 
outlay on draining has been about 50/., and he has relaid a good many of 
the high butts on the permanent pasture. Mr. Cookson has also expended 
116/. in uprooting and replanting 3,000 yards of hedges, the landlord finding 
quick and protective fencing. The new fields have been laid out with great 
judgment, and the young hedges are well cared for and efficiently trimmed. 
The land was in the undermentioned crops:— 
.36 acres of oats. 12 acres of first year’s seeds. 
6 „ wheat. 31 „ second „ 
14 „ green crops (potatoes, 4 „ third „ 
mangel, and swedes). 
The following course is pursued : — Oats ; green crops (potatoes, man- 
gel, swedes, and sometimes beans) ; wheat or oats; seeds for two or three 
years. Farmyard manure is applied to the green crop, which is grown on 
autumn cleaned and cultivated land after white Poland and Canadian oats. 
The manure is placed in the ridges, which are then split. The wheat usually 
sown is the square-headed variety, grown without manure. The clovers are 
mown twice the first year, and also again the second year. After mowing 
they are well manured with stable dung, in the autumn, or with a dressing 
of boiled bones. The uncut clover for hay was a heavy crop, showing great 
condition in the land. The oats also indicated the same, being heavy and 
of good colour. The wheat was fair, and the roots (8 acres), which had 
been troubled with fly and maggots, clean and well cultivated ; the 3 acres of 
kidney potatoes and 3 acres of Magnum Bonums, &c., were well developed 
on the top, regular, and likely to produce an abundant return. The per- 
manent pasture is always grazed, and looked remarkably well for the season. 
Boiled bones are applied to the pastures every 5 years at from 8 to 10 cwt. 
per acre. About 45 acres of clovers are mown every year, and yield about 
100 tons of hay, some of which is sold if making a remunerative price. 
About 30 tons of straw are sold each year. Purchased manures average 
100/. per annum. An extremely good set of implements are available for 
the use of the farm — grass-mower by Samuelson, and mower and reaper by 
Pixley and Sims, with harvest carts, and digging, double, and turnwrest 
ploughs, and the other necessary cultivating and sowing appliances. 
There were of live-stock on the farm — - 
1 hack. 
4 cart horses (including 3 mares 
with foals). 
1 two-year-old cart filly. 
2 yearling cart fillies. 
64 milking cows. 
8 yearling heifers. 
11 heifer calves. 
1 Shorthorn bull. 
6 breeding sows (2 with young 
Pigs)- 
41 feeding pigs. 
Some chickens and ducks. 
The herd of milking cows, which are carefully selected Cheshire Short- 
horns of Mr. Cookson’s own rearing, in-calf to a good and well-bred Shorthorn 
