594 
Typical Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
the curd mill for grinding the curd. A pipe from this boiler also conducts 
steam to the cake-room and chop-house, where it is utilised to cut hay, 
break cakes, &c. 
A hydraulic ram, which works from the brook at some distance from the 
homestead, drives pure water from a spring well into a cistern holding 2,000 
gallons, which supplies bouse and cottages and drinking troughs for the 
milking cows in the yards at both of the homesteads. Last year the 
buildings adjoining the house were destroyed by fire, and new ones, most 
substantially built and conveniently arranged, have been erected in their 
place. 
Another set of buildings belonging to the holding occupies a site not 
far-distant from the house. The plan on p. 593 will best show their design 
and capacity. The drains are, throughout, carried on the surface, and 
ultimately discharge in the manure shed, to which all the manure of the 
buildings is conveyed. There are good implements and cart-sheds, and a 
fire-proof floored day and sleeping room for the casual Irish labourers 
employed. The hay tallats and granaries of the newly erected buildings 
are divided by several fire-proof walls, which extend upwards a few feet 
above the level of the roof. The causeways and floors are laid with 
concrete of leadmine refuse and Portland cement grooved with roller, and 
presenting the appearance of a floor laid with channeled blue bricks. The 
Dutch barn, with galvanised iron roof, at back of buildings, 60 ft. by 
21 ft. by 18 ft. high, has been erected by the tenaut. The old buildings, 
occupying three sides of a rectangle, are substantially constructed, and have 
accommodation for 70 milking cows and 20 yearling heifers. Hay tallats 
run above the shippons and boxes. The manure is here stacked in the 
centre of the yard ; the pigsties, facing at right angles to the buildings, will 
house from 40 to 50 pigs ; and there are hay barns behind the buildings. 
About 120 acres are mown each 'year, but the area mown is varied, with 
the exception of the 33 acres subject to flood, which is always kept up for 
hay, and relies upon the flood deposit for restoration. The growing hay 
crop was by no means encouraging. The other pastures, to the extent of 
between 50 and 60 acres, are manured with farmyard manure every year, 
and 20 tons of boiled bones and superphosphate are used on the grass land 
annually at the rate of 6 cwt. per acre, thus covering the whole of the laud 
in the course of two or three years. The outlay for artificial manures is from 
80 1 . to 100?. per annum. The fields are large and the quick fences strong, 
as is necessary with cattle grazing together in considerable numbers. Mr. 
Fearuall has also drained 140 acres at a depth of about 2 feet, the landlord 
finding and laying the pipes. These are 2-j- inches in the ordinary drains 
and 4 inches in the mains. Some 80 acres of draining was also accomplished 
a few years ago with a mole plough without pipes, but this work is now 
exhausted. There were on the farm — 
1 hackney and 1 pony. 
4 cart horses. 
120 milking cows. 
14 two-year-old heifers (feed 
ing). 
25 yearling heifers. 
Two horses are sold each autumn, and two four-year-olds bought to replace 
them. The cows are managed with a view to cheese-making, and are a lot 
of excellent cross-bred Cheshire Shorthorns originally founded on Welsh 
strains of blood. They are divided into two herds, which are worked 
separately, 65 belonging to the old buildings or to that side of the farm, 
and 55 being managed from the new homestead. Each of the herds has 
25 heifer calves. 
5 cross-bred Shorthorn bulls. 
10 breeding sows. 
1 boar. 
125 store and feeding pigs. 
