596 
Typical Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
of young stock, and well arranged new piggeries, and summer quarters for 
Irish labourers. The manure is accumulated in an enclosure in the centre 
of the yard, and the liquid is collected in tank and removed therefrom by 
carts. There are granaries and hay tallats over the cart house and buildings, 
and a corn room, with pulper, chaff-cutter, and cake-breaker. There is 
also a good implement shed and a well-paved watering-place in large pond at 
back of buildings, through which a constant stream of water flows. Mr. 
Lea has erected two Dutch barns 25 yards long by 8 wide, and 18 feet high, 
at a cost of 80/. each. He has eradicated upwards of two miles of rough 
irregular and worn-out fences, and replaced and straightened the fields with 
new ones, the owner finding quick, and posts and rails for protection. He 
has laid out upwards of 100/. in filling pits, levelling, &c. He has drained such 
parts of the farm as required it about 30 inches deep, the drains running into 
mains 3 feet in depth, at an outlay of upwards of 200/., the landlord finding 
pipes ; also embanked river at considerable cost, and recently laid down 
13 acres to permanent pasture. The farm is rented on an annual tenancy 
terminating at Lady-day from Col. France Hay hurst under the usual Cheshire 
agreement, which is here disregarded. It has been occupied by Mr. Lea for 25 
years. No change has been made in the rental, but a temporary allowance 
of 10 per cent, was remitted on the last half-year’s payment. Bates remain 
about the same. The farm contains 291 acres, 181 of which are permanent 
pasture. This pasture is on the heavier part of the farm, and 30 acres of 
peaty meadows adjoin the brook at the bottom of the holding. The 
remaining 110 acres are this year under the following crops: — 
13|- acres wheat. 
47 „ oats. 
22 „ green crops (potatoes 
15, mangel and swedes 7). 
17J acres first year’s seeds. 
11 „ second year’s seeds. 
Dotation of cropping is : 1st year, oats ; 2nd year, green crops, viz., 
potatoes, mangel, swedes, or sometimes beans ; 3rd year, wheat ; 4th year, 
oats laid down with clover ; 5th year, first year’s seeds ; 6th year, second 
year’s seeds. The seeds are sometimes left down longer. The leys are 
ploughed up for oats in winter. No farmyard manure is applied. White 
Poland and Black Tartarian oats are sown, and after these are harvested 
the laud is skimmed, autumn cleaned, and winter ploughed, deeply cultivated, 
and ridged 24 inches wide in spring for green crops. Farmyard manure is 
applied in the ridges. Potatoes are planted in April, and mangel and 
swedes in May. The mangel (Intermediates) are dibbled in about 18 inches 
apart, and the swedes are sown on the ridges at the rate of 4 lb. per acre. 
Wheat and oats follow successively without manure, but, after harvesting 
the latter, the seeds are dressed with 10 cwt, of boiled bones per acre. The 
clovers are seeded with 10 lb. of Alsike, white Dutch and red clovers, 
1 j bushel of Italian, and 4 bushel of perennial rye-grass. They are mown 
the first year, sometimes twice, and top-dressing of bone3 is again applied 
after mowing. The pastures also receive occasional dressings of bone or 
farmyard manure. Artificial manures purchased average somewhat over 
100/. per annum. The hay and straw sold realise about half this sum. 
The oats when seen were a fine crop, except where caught on the banks 
from the long-continued dry weather, and the wheat was good in colour, 
and looked like making a fair crop. The mangel and swedes were ready for 
hoeing out, and were regular. The potatoes looked well and were clean ; 
about five acres were the Bruce variety and the rest Magnum Bonums and 
Alain Crop. The 28 acres of first and second year's seeds for mowing were 
good crops, especially the former, and 30 acres of bottom meadows, which 
are always mown, were also good for the season. The fields have besn well 
