606 
Typical Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
if insufficient lie buys milking cows in the spring. He changes about one- 
tbird of bis stock every year, and calves down bis milking berd as much as 
possible in February and March. Tbe cows necessarily rely on bay and 
corn in tbe winter, when they are not depastured, but tbis is discontinued 
after they are turned out in May. The calves are sold when they are a week 
old at about 15s. each. Mr. Walley does not think much of pure-bred 
cows or bulls for milking, and selects bis stock accordingly. They were a 
useful-looking lot, without any particular type prevailing, and were divided 
into two herds for grazing. 
Cheese-making is the principal industry on tbis bolding, and Mr. Walley 
contends that if a farm is more suitable for cows than other stock it is 
illogical to have anything but tbe former. Tbe medium-ripening system, is 
adopted, and a small quantity of whey butter is churned for household 
consumption. Five cheeses of about 70 lb. weight apiece are turned out per 
day in the height of the season, and this year’s price has been 65s. per 121 lb. 
5 cwt. of cheese per cow is produced in the year. 
As with the cattle, so with the pigs ; none of the latter are bred on the 
holding. They are purchased as strong stores, and correspond in numbers as 
nearly as possible to the dairy cows — be. one pig to one milking cow. The 
pigs are fattened on dairy refuse, with Indian corn, meal, thirds flour, and 
bran, and the food is scalded ; they are turned out at 12 to 15 score weight. 
The outlay in purchased food is about 450 1. per annum. 
There are three cottages on the holding, to which Mr. Walley nominates 
the tenants. One of the occupiers has been there for 18 years. Wages are 
17s. per week, less 2s. per week for rent, but the hours are long, from 4.30 
a.m. till 6 p.m. For hay harvest Qd. per day extra is paid. A fourth 
regular labourer lodges with his father. Four Irishmen are employed for 
two months in the summer, through the hay harvest, at 16s. a week and one 
quart of milk per day. There are no indoor menservants. Three of the 
labourers’ wives assist in the milking, receiving 4s. per week for their services, 
and there are two indoor female servants, receiving 16/. and 14/. a year 
respectively, whose wages should be charged to the labour bill of the farm. 
Mr. Walley does not consider his labour expenditure any heavier than in 
the past, and is a solitary exception in having found last year above the 
average in his monetary returns. 
13. The Farm of Mr. J. Griffith Roberts, Trefarthen, Llanfair, 
Anglesey. 
Trefarthen is situated on the shore of the Menai Straits, in the parish of 
Llanidan, Anglesey, facing the town of Carnarvon on the opposite side of 
the water. Carnarvon is the market town of the district, and communica- 
tion is maintained by steamboat, which runs to and fro every hour of the 
day. The farm is on the Carboniferous Limestone formation, and rises to an 
altitude of about 50 feet from the shores of the Straits. The climate is 
genial, and early for North Wales. The surface soil immediately resting on 
the limestone rock is light and naturally poor. All of this is under arable 
cultivation ; other portions of the surface are stronger, and rest on gravel 
and clay, and form the best grazing lands on the holding. The holding is 
rented from Mr. Assheton Smith, and has been occupied by Mr. Roberts for 
16 years. The house, grounds, and gardens form a complete gentleman’s 
residence, and the buildings (which are of stone) and approaches are well 
designed, constructed, and maintained. There is an excellent hackney 
stable for four horses, with coach-house and saddle-room, besides stabling 
for six cart horses, ties for 15 cows, and shedding in convenient yards for 
accommodating 50 or 60 bullocks and young cattle in the winter, cart and 
