617 
Typical Farms in Cheshire and North Wales. 
grazing leys bore a good face. The oats (Carter’s Cluster, and Scotch Potato) 
were a heavy crop. The new fences were straight, and the fields laid out 
with good judgment. They were well grown and attended to, and 
creditable to the management of the tenant. The cost of purchased 
manures amounts to 100/. per annum. 
The stock consisted of — 
7 working horses (including 4 brood 
mares). 
2 light horses. 
1 yearling colt. 
32 cows in-milk or in-calf. 
14 heifers, aged from 12to 18 months. 
2 pure-bred Shorthorn bulls. 
The horse3 were very good. The Shire mares are fashionably bred, and 
are stinted to “ Carbon ” and “ Lancashire Lad ” and “ Royal William.” Two 
five-year-olds are disposed of every year at high prices and younger ones 
take their place. The cows are a very nice herd of animals, full of quality 
and breeding. They have been crossed with pure-bred Shorthorn bulls, the 
one in present use, “Buttennan ” G2242, being a superior animal. The dairy 
cows are kept almost exclusively for the sale of milk and cream, both in 
summer and winter. A little butter is made for the use of the house only. 
About 12 heifers are annually reared to make good the waste in the herd; 
they are reared on hand and fed with pure milk for about one month, then 
gradually put on skim milk and linseed-cake and meal. The remainder of 
the heifers are sold fat to the butcher at two years old, and the bulls are 
either sold for stock purposes before they are twelve months old, or, if not 
disposed of, are castrated and fed out as bullocks at 2 years of age at about 
8 score 10 lb. weight per quarter. The yearlings and calves were an im- 
proving lot. Mr. Smith usually buys 50 cross-bred grey-faced sheep in the 
autumn and puts them to a Hampshire Down ram about the last week in 
September, and sells their produce as fat lambs at some 30.s. each. The 
ewes are afterwards sold to the butcher. He also purchases some 50 store 
lambs and some wethers in October. These run on the aftermath, and are 
then well fed with roots and corn and disposed of fat by the following March. 
The pigs are bought as strong stores and fattened on buttermilk, house 
refuse, and corn, and killed at about 14 score weight. Between 400/. or 
500/. worth of food is purchased each year, and the whole of the home-grown 
seconds corn, including wheat, barley, and oats, is consumed on the farm. 
The implements are well selected, Hornsby’s self-binder being used for tbe 
cereals, and the hay and straw for sale are trussed by hydraulic pressure 
with Ladd’s trusser, and bound with wire. Each truss weighs about J cwt. 
Mr. Smith sells about 50 tons of hay and 40 tons of straw per annum. 
There are two cottages and gardens attached to the farm, for which Mr. 
Smith pay 8 rent; they are occupied by two workmen, who receive 17s. Qd. a 
week and are rent free. These men get 1/. extra for harvest, and their wages 
are estimated to be worth 1/. per week. One man lives in the house at wages 
of 25/. a year and board and lodging. Two female servants, receiving 16/. 
and 8/. respectively, are fairly chargeable to the farm ; while as a rule eight 
Irishmen are employed for 4 months, from June to September inclusive, at 
16s. per week. The labour bill amounts to 400/. per annum. Extra cost of 
labour and smaller returns for beef and other products reduced Mr, Smith’s 
returns considerably last year. 
Conclusion. 
It may be asked, What deductions can be drawn from tbe 
foregoing brief description of tbe typical farms, and wbat lessons 
DiuiocKS Lweiv c monins oici. 
32 rearing calves (bulls and heifers 
mixed). 
39 ewes. 
43 lambs 
4 pigs (Middle White). 
150 fowls and ducks. 
