626 
Loupiruj 111. 
either of one limb or another, or of the extensors of the head ; soon 
(next day) this abnormality is much accentuated, the animal shows 
paroxysms of more extensive ci’amps when attempting to stand or 
to walk, and a more or less deficient co-ordination in the movements 
of the limbs, so that, while, attempting to walk, its gait becomes 
perfectly unsteady and its movements more like “ the reeling and 
the antics during alcoholic intoxication,” as one farmer graphically 
expressed it. It is during such paroxysms that the symptom of 
louping or jumping becomes apparent. Either on the same or on 
the next day the animal is altogether unable to move its limbs, or 
is capable of doing so only in a very imperfect manner, or for a 
short period, and therefore remains for long periods lying motionless 
on its side. In this state the movements of the nostrils, mouth, 
tongue, eyes and ears seem unimpaired, and the animals are able to 
notice everything that is going on around them, to take food, and 
to swallow. 
Death generally supervenes rapidly — within from a few hours 
to a day — after the animal has reached this phase. The climax 
often occui's unexpectedly, even before this phase is reached, since 
it is not unusual that animals, supposed to be only “ slightly 
affected ” or being on the mend in the evening, are found dead the 
next morning. But, as a rule, death is preceded by some hours (up 
to a day or two) by the state of more or less complete loss of move- 
ment of the limbs. 
Among other and less conspicuous symptoms to be noted not 
unfrequently, in animals markedly affected in the above manner, 
are a rapid beat of the heart, rapid, sometimes laboured, respiration, 
and rise of temperature. 
I have made post-mortem examinations of seventeen animals — - 
eleven sheep and six lambs ; few of these died in the natural 
course of the disease, the great majority were killed, some in the 
earlier, some in the later stages of the illness. 
Post-mortem appearances. — 1. The constant and most con- 
spicuous pathological feature was the condition of the brain and 
medulla oblongata. This consisted in great engorgement of the 
vessels of the pia mater, particularly of the base of the brain and 
the anterior surface of the medulla ; the latter being the more 
noticeable on account of an almost sharp boundary line between 
the congested pia mater of the medulla and the normal appearance 
of that of the adjoining cervical cord. The congestion of the ves- 
sels appears, however, limited chiefly to the surface, the cerebral and 
medullary substance itself not showing anything markedly abnormal 
in these respects. The congestion of the vessels of the pia mater 
extends to those of the ependyma of the ventricles. The second 
conspicuous change consists in an abnormal amount of fluid within 
the sac of the dura mater, or, more correctly, the subarachnoidal 
fluid ; this fluid, besides being always considerably more abundant 
than normal, is at the same time more or less blood-stained. In a 
few cases only the subarachnoidal fluid looks to the naked eye clear 
and limpid, though under the microscope red blood discs are per- 
