38  Dairy  Cattle  and  the  Butter  Test. 
rightly,  to  the  addition  of  anything  to  the  creams  in  trials  of 
this  kind. 
The  first  test  that  I conducted  alone  was  at  the  Royal 
Counties  Show  at  Winchester,  in  July,  1890.  The  weather  was 
exceedingly  cold,  and  as  the  churnings  commenced  at  7.15 
a.m.,  the  full  quantities  of  butter  were  apparently  obtained. 
The  difficulties  attendant  on  the  churning  of  sweet  cream  were 
not  then  realised,  and  the  accident  of  the  weather  appears  to 
me  to  have  been  solely  responsible  for  the  good  results. 
To  Dr.  Herbert  Watney  the  discovery  of  the  correct 
temperature  at  which  the  comparatively  sweet  Jersey  creams 
in  a butter  test  should  be  churned  is  due.  Being  dissatisfied 
with  the  result  of  one  test,  he  carried  out  the  following 
experiment  in  his  own  dairy.  Dividing  one  lot  of  cream  into 
three  equal  parts  and  churning  at  51®,  58°,  and  62°  Fahr.,  he 
found  that  at  the  higher  temperatures  a certain  amount  of 
butter  fat  passed  off  into  the  butter-milks.  Re-churning  the 
butter-milks  of  those  churned  at  58°  and  62°  he  regained  the 
lost  butter,  which,  added  to  the  lots  first  churned,  made  the 
amounts  of  the  three  lots  practically  equal.  As  a result  of 
this  experiment  the  temperature  at  which  creams  in  a butter 
test  should  be  churned  was  settled,  and  with  the  late  Mr. 
Weetman  I carried  out  the  first  test  under  these  new  conditions 
at  the  Royal  Counties  Show  at  Redhill  in  1892,  the  creams 
being  churned  at  54°  Fahr. 
In  all  the  trials  which  I have  carried  out  since,  I have 
taken  52°  Fahr.  as  my  standard,  and  have  published  a churning 
table  with  the  awards  {vide  pages  226  and  227). 
In  1893  butter-test  competitions  were  held  for  the  first  time 
in  Jersey,  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society’s  Show  at  Chester, 
with  the  Hon.  A.  E.  Parker  as  Judge,  and  at  the  Tring  Agri- 
cultural Association’s  Show,  since  which  they  have  increased 
in  number,  being  now  included  in  the  programme  at  the 
three  shows  named  above,  as  also  at  the  Bath  and  West  of 
England,  the  British  Dairy  Farmers’,  and  the  Tunbridge  Wells 
Shows,  in  all  cases,  except  Jersey,  being  open  to  cattle  of  any 
breed  or  cross. 
Mr.  Hall’s  original  idea  in  starting  these  trials  was  (a)  to 
show  that  the  Jersey  was  a profitable  animal  and  not  merely 
a fancier’s  cow,  and  (5)  to  try  and  resuscitate  the  butter-making 
industry  and  remove  the  “ stigma  of  unprofitableness  which 
rested  upon  butter-making  in  England.”^ 
That  the  Jersey  is  a profitable  animal  is  now  generally 
recognised,  but  that  the  manufacture  of  butter  in  England 
on  a large  scale  (unless  the  milk  of  Channel  Island  cattle 
only  is  used)  will  ever  be  as  remunerative  as  milk-selling, 
' “ The  Jersey  as  a Butter  Cow.”  B.  and  W.  E.  Journal,  Vol.  II.,  Ser.  4. 
