82  The  Cost  of  Winter  Grazing  in  East  Norfolk. 
would  seem,  therefore,  that  the  additional  feeding  promotes 
ovarian  secretory  activity,  and  so  is  an  important  factor  in  the 
recurrence  of  the  oestrous  cycle.  In  a similar  way  the  drug 
yohimbine,  by  providing  the  ovaries  with  a rich  blood  supply, 
and  so  increasing  the  ovarian  metabolism,  may  be  supposed  to 
favour  the  formation  of  the  internal  secretion  which  is  one  of 
the  exciting  causes  of  heat. 
Conversely,  an  excessive  food  supply  which  promotes  fatten- 
ing has  a retarding  influence  on  the  elaboration  of  the  ovarian 
internal  secretion.  Animals  which  have  been  fattened  often 
come  on  heat  very  irregularly.  This  condition  not  only  favours 
the  degeneration  of  follicles,  but  it  also  interferes  with  the 
ovarian  metabolism  in  other  ways.  Thus  I have  found  in  fat 
cows  and  heifers,  associated  with  a great  deposition  of  fat 
around  the  generative  organs,  a quantity  of  yellow  lipochrome 
present  in  those  cells  of  the  ovaries  which  are  believed  to  be 
normally  responsible  for  producing  the  internal  secretion. 
Christ’s  College, 
Cambridge. 
Francis  H.  A.  Marshall. 
THE  COST  OF  WINTER  GRAZING  IN 
EAST  NORFOLK. 
In  East  Norfolk,  as  in  East  Anglia  generally,  the  word 
grazing  does  not  imply  feeding  on  pasture  only  as  is  the 
case  elsewhere.  The  winter  grazing  of  bullocks  in  East 
Norfolk  is  carried  on  as  follows.  Stores  are  bought  in  the 
autumn,  chiefly  at  the  Saturday  market  on  Norwich  Hill, 
they  are  then  usually  turned  out  for  a few  days  on  to  an 
“ olland  ” (as  the  aftermath  is  called  locally),  pasture  or  marsh, 
where  they  are  broken  to  turnips.  They  are  then  got  into 
yards,  sheds,  or  boxes,  where  they  are  fattened  off  on  con- 
centrated foods  and  the  usual  plough  land  produce. 
The  ideas  of  feeders  differ  as  to  the  quality  and  quantity 
of  concentrated  food  to  give,  and  also  as  to  the  chopping  or 
shredding  of  the  roots,  and  the  use  of  long  hay,  hay  chaff,  or 
cut  straw.  Pulped  roots  are  said  to  go  farthest,  but  hand 
chopping  is  most  popular,  and  the  rapidity  and  dexterity  with 
which  this  tedious  operation  is  performed  by  the  bullock  ten- 
der is  marvellous.  A practical  hand  can,  with  a short  sickle 
only,  slice  up  176  bushels  of  roots  per  day  for  six  months, 
working  seven  days  a week,  attending  to  the  wants  of  forty- 
four  beasts,  and  receiving  15s.  per  week  for  his  labour,  but 
6(7.  a week  is  given  in  all  my  returns  as  the  average  cost  per 
