84  The  Cost  of  Winter  Grazing  in  East  Norfolk. 
What  were  the  average  store  and  sale  prices  of  your 
bullocks  ? 
Number  op  Answers  Received. 
More  than  eighty  forms  were  returned  to  me  more  or  less 
fully  filled  in,  and  of  these  I selected  forty  of  the  most  repre- 
sentative and  reliable  for  tabulation  and  comparison.  Many  of 
the  returns  contained  additional  valuable  and  original  remarks. 
Several  gentlemen  kindly  submitted  their  cake  bills  and  balance 
sheets  for  the  year  ; thirty-two  stated  the  exact  acreage  of  their 
root  crop,  and  the  exact  number  of  bullocks  grazed  thereon. 
The  Use  and  Value  of  Roots  and  other  Foods. 
The  local  method  of  grazing  seems  to  be  fairly  uniform, 
especially  as  regards  the  quantity  of  roots  given  per  day. 
Experiments  conducted  in  the  county  some  years  since 
(Whitlingham,  Garrett  Taylor,  1896-1898)  indicate  forcibly 
that  a stinted  supply  of  roots  is  false  economy,  although 
graziers  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  less  favourable  to  the 
production  of  roots  than  our  own,  accuse  us  of  being  prodigal 
in  the  use  of  thfem.  I had,  however,  some  difficulty  in  arriving 
at  the  actual  amount  of  roots  consumed  per  bullock  per  day,  in 
consequence  of  the  various  sizes  of  “ bushel  ” skeps  locally  in 
use  ; some  containing  45  lb.,  some  56  lb.,  and  some  63  lb.,  of 
hand  chopped  roots  ; and  40  lb.,  52  lb.,  and  58  lb.  respectively 
when  the  roots  were  pulped  or  shredded.  From  personal 
investigation  I have  taken  three  bushels  of  both  swedes  and 
mangolds  chopped  to  average  135  lb. 
Swedes  and  mangolds  are  each  reckoned  at  5s.  per  ton,^ 
linseed  cake  is  valued  at  8Z.  a ton,  cotton  cake  at  4Z.  15s.,  bean 
meal  at  16s.  &d.  for  nineteen  stone,  or  6h  19s.  per  ton,  oat  meal 
11s.  per  twelve  stone,  or  11.  6s.  8rf.  per  ton,  hay  at  3Z.  per  ton, 
and  straw  chaff  at  30s.  Other  commodities  are  estimated  at 
market  prices  or  at  the  prices  given  me  by  the  graziers.  Six- 
pence a week  is  allowed  for  labour  for  each  bullock,  but  no 
charge  is  made  for  straw  used  for  litter.,  housing,  interest  on 
capital,  insurance,  commissions,  or  for  veterinary  or  other 
incidental  expenses.^ 
^ In  my  original  paper  on  this  subject,  read  before  the  Stalham  Farmers’ 
Club,  I allowed  Is.  &d.  per  ton  ; this  was  generally  objected  to  as  being  too 
high,  and  therefore,  in  deference  to  the  expressed  opinion  of  both  graziers  and 
valuers,  I reduced  it  to  5,s. 
® Nor  has  credit  been  given  to  the  feeding  bullocks  for  the  residual  or 
manurial  value  from  the  food-stuffs  used.  In  practice,  the  value  of  this  asset 
has  to  be  taken  by  the  farmer  in  the  corn  or  other  farm  produce  that  he  sells. 
This  will  be  referred  to  later  on  in  the  article.  It  is  only  when  a farmer  leaves 
his  holding,  and  gets  paid  for  his  “valuation,”  or  “tenant-right,”  that  this 
item  has  a value  which  can  be  expressed  in  & s.  d. 
