60 
Farm Book-keeping. 
New implements are added to the list as they are bought 
and the worn-out ones are struck off. Some things, such as 
rollers, ploughs, harrows, &c., are never worn completely out, 
but always have a certain value however ancient they may 
be. These may be depreciated on a twenty-five years principle 
for say twenty years, after which they will be brought forward 
each year at the same figure. Thus, a set of seed harrows 
worth 50s. in 1906 would be depreciated at the rate of 2s. 
per annum until the year 1926 when their value in the books 
would stand at 10s., and at this figure they would be carried 
forward in the succeeding years without further depreciation. 
The Implement Account being one of the auxiliary 
accounts, its "balance does not go directly to “ Profit and 
Loss,” but is apportioned to the other accounts after the 
manner of the balances of “ Horse ” and “ Grazing ” accounts 
already described. This apportionment is apt to be trouble- 
some but with a little consideration it may be accomplished. 
Thus it will be obvious that the depreciation of ploughs, 
harrows, binders, reapers, &c., should be charged to the arable 
land ; that on cake breakers, root cutters, &c., to the stock and 
so on. Depreciation on carts, waggons, &c., which ai'e used 
for all manner of purposes, can either be charged to the “ Horse 
Account ” thereby increasing the cost of the horse labour or it 
may be carried to the Establishment Account, which is, per- 
haps, the preferable arrangement. The labour of apportion- 
ment is reduced by grouping the various implements in the 
inventory as far as possible under such headings as “ arable 
land,” “ live stock,” &c. 
Dung . — Under this head a ledger account must be opened 
in order to get at the value of the manure. This account would 
be debited with the consuming value of all straw used for litter 
and with the value of the residues of foods consumed in the 
yards. There is nothing with which to credit this account ; 
the balance represents the cost of the dung and this is shared 
between the meadow land and the arable land in proportion to 
the number of loads applied to each. 
Establishment . — Repeated reference -has been made to the 
“ Establishment Account.” This is not usually met with in 
the ordinary forms of farm book-keeping, but in any attempt 
to keep accurate accounts it will be found that certain pay- 
ments have to be made which cannot with fairness be placed 
against any of the accounts already dealt with. The foreman’s 
wages, repairs to farm roads, travelling expenses, keep of nag- 
horse and other matters have to be debited to an “ Establish- 
ment Expenses Account.” It is an auxiliary account, and the 
balance must be shared out over the other accounts in some way 
or another. The simplest method of apportionment is to share 
