88 Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock. 
40.s. to 42.«. 6 d. per cwt., live weight, was market price. . . . Cows and 
heifers averaged 730 gallons a year — some of them were Ayrshire and Ayrshire- 
Shorthorns. I occasionally met with Blue-Grey cows. . . . The calves of 
the Cumberland Shorthorns were more valuable. . . . They could nearly 
always be relied upon to grow into good bullocks for beef purposes, or into 
good heifers for the production of milk.” 
That the calves he writes about were good, their gain of 
half a hundredweight, live weight, per month shows, par- 
ticularly when the economical, if careful and skilful, method 
of feeding is allowed for. This system is described in the 
afore-mentioned article. Mr. Turnbull concludes a long and 
very interesting letter by saying “ A well-bred bull is very 
important." 
Mr. William Nunnerley, Kenwick, Ellesmere, Salop, from 
the far west of the West-Midlands, writes : — 
“We, in this district, aim at breeding a good Shorthorn cross, i.e., not a 
full pedigree animal, chiefly using pedigree bulls on so-called ‘cross-bred 
cows’ — meaning a cow without a full pedigree. Many cattle making excellent 
milkers, and also good fatteners, are bred. I have reared for both, and sold to 
the butcher when nineteen to twenty months old at 20Z. to 25 1. each, whilst 
from the same dams have made dairy cows giving as much as 60 to 70 lb. of 
milk a day.” 
Mr. Nunnerley says later in a long and interesting letter, 
which we wish it were possible to reproduce in full : “ I always 
consider we are much indebted to our pure-breeders.” 
In the most eastern part of England we find that the same 
has been done, for Mr. Fred. C. Paine, farm manager to the 
executors of Colonel H. McCalmont, Crockfords, Newmarket, 
Cambs., says 
“It is difficult, but quite possible, to combine milk with beef. When I 
was farming some 3,000 acres for the late Richard Garrett, of Leiston, East 
Suffolk, I bred some hundreds of good steers, selling up to 27 1. each as ‘ stores’ 
at two and a half years old for feeding purposes, from real deep milking 
cows ; keeping back the heifer calves, which themselves in time became 
valuable as milk producers. I was careful always to go to Birmingham and 
get good pure Shorthorn bulls. These bulls were the only pedigree stock used. 
I kept this practice up for ten years.” 
Pedigree Shorthorns. 
Of pedigree Shorthorns, Mr. George Taylor, of Cranford, 
near Hounslow, writes me quite recently as follows : — 
“ My experience is that there is no animal that will put on flesh quicker 
than the pure-bred, or well-bred, deep-milking dairy cow, and especially the 
cow that does not get poor, when in profit gives very poor milk. ... In 
the early eighties I had a very deep-milking cow barren, and we tried to 
get her in-calf and could not. This cow won first prizes as a dairy heifer 
and cow, we grazed her the summer, and showed her at a Christmas Fat 
Stock Show, when she won first prize and made forty-seven guineas at the 
auction in the afternoon. At my 1904 sale (May 17), Waterloo Cranford , red, 
calved August 13, 1899, was sold as in-calf for 105 guineas, and turned out 
barren. I took her back, we tried physic, starving her, keeping her in the 
dark, and veterinary with instruments, till middle of September, gave her 
