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Plans of Farm Buildings. 
Economy in labour in supplying water to the live stock and elsewhere, as 
required, is effected by a system of water supply hereafter described in detail. 
The work of corn grinding, chaff cutting, water pumping, &c., would be done 
by machinery driven by an oil engine placed in a convenient position for 
starting, &c., relative to the machines to be worked. 
Distributing Litter. — (2) Litter would be stored on the first floor over the 
milk cart shed, &c., and, for the purpose of distribution, small doors at first floor 
level are provided over the stable, to each of the cow boxes and for each range 
of cow stalls, and a trap-door for putting litter through for calves, and boxes on 
the east side. Litter can be dropped through these doors ready for spreading 
with practically little labour spent, in carrying. 
Cleaning out dung. — The dung from the cowstalls and pigs containing very 
little litter would go to the covered pit. To put this class of manure in the 
yards where there are young cattle would involve much waste of labour and of 
straw as litter to cover the manure. Every ton of straw saved from use as 
litter is a gain of at least 25/t. to the farmer, hence the advantage of keeping 
cattle clean and dry with the least possible amount of fresh straw litter as is 
here suggested. 
The dung from the whole of the stables would be scattered over the western 
covered yard, and that from the calves and other boxes over the eastern covered 
yard. Doors are placed in convenient positions for the purpose of putting the 
dung through to save labour in carrying it any distance. 
Milking. — (3) As this operation has to be performed over 700 times a year 
as expeditiously as possible, it is most important that the best arrangement for 
ease of working should be adopted. For this purpose a milk cooling room is 
provided at the eastern end of the food house, easily accessible from the cow- 
sheds, but completely shut off in order to avoid any possible contamination of 
the milk. 
This milk cooling room is provided with a 40-gallon copper having water 
tap over to furnish boiling water for cleansing the cooler, and separator, &c. 
As bearing on the question of economy in working, it may here be noted 
that in the process of milking, one minute’s labour saved in milking a cow is 
equivalent over the whole herd of seventy two cows to 15L per annum in wages : 
and the same may be said to apply in a greater or less degree to the other classes 
of labour. 
A further great advantage in convenience of working afforded by these 
designs, is that practically the whole of the various operations involved in 
feeding, milking, and dunging out, can be carried on under cover, and as much 
of this work has, in the winter months, to be done before and after daylight, 
and often in wet weather, the advantages of this arrangement in promoting 
efficiency, and thus also a saving, of labour are very great, especially so in these 
(and probable future) times of expensive and often inefficient labour. 
3. Best and most economical accommodation for live stock. 
Cow Stalls. — These are placed in four ranges of eight (double) stalls each. 
Each cow is provided with a separate manger formed with glazed stoneware 
channels 18 in. diameter having rounded concrete ends, there being no angles 
whatever for the accumulation of food, dirt, &c. The stalls from the manger 
to the heel stone might vary in length from 6 ft. 2 in. to 6 ft. 6 in. 
Cow Boxes. — These are placed at the north end of the covered yards and are 
well adapted for dried-off or in-calf cows. The boxes would be formed with 
creosoted boarded partitions 6 ft. high and have boarded gates. Each box 
is provided with manger as described above, and water trough with hay rack 
over the whole. 
Calf and other Boxes. — The advantage of a number of boxes is great, 
as they may be used for cattle, pigs, horses, and numerous other purposes 
as required from time to time. The whole are roomy and provided with man- 
gers or iron troughs, hay racks, and water troughs where necessary. 
