256 
Plans of Farm, Buildings. 
A number of aip grates at 9 in. above the floor level sloping down to the 
latter are provided in the east and west walls to supply air to replace the 
smaller amount of air heated and rarified by coming in contact with the 
animals’ bodies. f 
On warm days, when the temperatures outside and inside are nearly the 
same, the whole of the windows on the south, east, and west sides can be set 
open, and semi-circular openings 6 ft. wide between the trusses in the division 
wall being provided, a thorough circulation of air would be obtained. 
The vitiated air would be drawn off by movable louvres at the apex of the 
roof, these being so constructed that each side can be opened and shut inde- 
pendently of the others to suit the direction of the wind (it being desirable to 
be able to close the side exposed to a gale). 
The calf house and stable are ventilated in a similar manner, and the 
other boxes where there are no louvre ventilators would be provided with a 
sufficient number of ventilating ridge tiles. 
One important point io connection with the ventilation of buildings for 
live stock is the construction of the roof. 
Both tiled and slated roofs are at their best very much like a sieve so far as 
the atmosphere is concerned, and particularly so when the outside temperature 
is low. The outside cold air will find its way through the very numerous 
joints and fall on to the backs of the cattle very much like a stream of cold 
water, bringing down with it a portion of the vitiated air, which has been 
cooled by contact with the very cold slates or tiles, greatly to the injury of the 
cattle. 
It is important that this condition of things should be avoided if possible, 
and the best means of so doing is to lay the slating on grooved and tongued 
boarding instead of laths, and we have adopted this construction in these 
designs. Red deal being a bad conductor of heat, the warm air striking it is 
cooled but slightly and will therefore continue to rise to the exit provided, and 
no cold air can get in through the boards to fall on the cattle like cold water, 
nor bring down vitiated air with it. 
Lest this method of construction should be considered expensive, it may be 
pointed out that the necessary boarding costs but 8s. per square more than the 
lathing and torching, and that the cost amounts to less than 6s. per cow stall, 
or less than 4d. per cow per annum will pay 5 per cent, on the outlay — 
certainly not a tithe of the real value, for, in addition to the advantages already 
described, the boarding can be readily lime-washed (to comply with the 
sanitary regulations) and affords no spaces at the back of the rafters, as in the 
case of a lathed and torched roof, for the accumulation of dirt. 
6. Drainage. 
Sewage . — The whole of the floors, where there is any possibility of there 
being any urine or drainage from manure, are formed with cement concrete 
and rendered thoroughly impervious, the covered yards being left with a surface 
upon which horses can stand to draw out the manure. . 
The only exceptions are the very hard brick on edge pavings (in cement) 
at the rear of the cow stalls and stables where the horses and cattle would 
have to walk in passing in or out, cement floors being too slippery for this 
position. 
For the disposal of the urine, &c., from the cowsheds a channel 3 in. wide 
at the outer edge of the dung channel is provided, the heel stones being so 
fixed as to enable the urine channel to be laid with a fall of 9 in. from north 
to south : on reaching the south wall the urine would pass out through a 
glazed stoneware pipe fixed into the wall and discharging over trapper! 
gullies, whence the urine would be conveyed to the liquid manure tank in 
glazed stoneware socketed and cement jointed pipes. 
The rest of the boxes and stables would be drained by means of slightly 
dished channels formed in the concrete flooring, having not less than 1 in 60 
