98 
Mycologia 
Crombie (41) and Minks (85) committed themselves to the view 
that the algae arose from the ends of the lichen hyphae. 
De Bary (15), and Schwendener (118) more confidently, de- 
clared that lichens and certain algae grow together in such inti- 
mate relationship as to be long considered parts of the same plant. 
In spite of the researches of Bonnier (27, 28, 29, 30, 31), Bara- 
netsky (14), Bornet (32, 33), de Bary (15), Famintzin (53, 54), 
Moller (87, 88), Reess (102), Schwendener (116, 118, 119, 120, 
121), Treub (135) and Woronine (144), the European lichenists 
of that day, as Crombie (40, 41, 42), Th. M. Fries (61), Krem- 
pelhuber (76, 77), Minks (85), Muller (92), Koefber (75), 
Lindsay (83) and Nylander (96, 97) failed to believe that the 
green cells in lichens are really algae. 
With the passing of these men and the coming of a generation 
of lichenists who agree with other botanists regarding the pres- 
ence of algae in lichen thalli, it might be supposed that there 
could not be at present any question regarding the nature and 
the proper treatment of lichens. However, the only matter 
thoroughly settled is that the green or the blue-green cells in 
lichens are algae. 
Considerations of Recent Views and Arguments of 
Botanists 
We have been slower to reach an agreement regarding the 
nature and the proper treatment of lichens than were earlier 
botanists to find the truth concerning the algae that grow with 
these plants. True, some botanists have settled the questions 
involved to their own satisfaction, and others hold a tentative 
opinion. Advocates of certain ideas regarding lichens have 
stated, at different times, that their views on the subject were 
those generally held by the botanical world ; but these views have 
proved, as a result of the statistical study given in the first paper of 
this series (55), not to be held by a majority of botanists. More- 
over, majorities, even of scientific men, are not always right; and 
we may inquire whether the consensus recently expressed regard- 
ing lichens is final. In order to reach a safe conclusion, it has 
been necessary to review a large portion of the literature of 
lichenology to ascertain what is valuable for our purpose. 
