Fink: Classification of Lichens 
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vulgaris Schaer., Calicium parietinum Ach., Calicium trachelinum 
Ach., Calicium curtum Borr. and Turn, and V crrncaria muralis 
Ach. from spores, from spermatia, or from both spores and 
spermatia, without the algal hosts. The following five, Buellia 
punctiformis (Nyl.) Hoffm., Opegrapha subsiderella Nyl., Cali- 
cium parietinum Ach., Calicium trachelinum Ach. and Calicium 
curtum Borr. and Turn, were cultivated from both spores and 
spermatia. With Graphis scripta (L.) Ach., he obtained hyphal 
tangles which he regarded primordia of apothecia, or of sperma- 
gonia; but the purpose of his work was not to determine whether 
apothecia can be produced when the lichen is grown without the 
algal host, and some of these crustose lichens might have fruited, 
had the cultures run more than a few months. Again, he might 
probably have obtained apothecia, had he worked on Endocarpon 
pusillum Hedw. or P olyblastia rugulosa Mass., which are known 
to mature and to produce apothecia from the spores in two or 
three months. He tells very convincingly of obtaining sperma- 
gones in cultures of Calicium parietinum Ach. in five or six weeks, 
from spores and from spermatia. Beginning with spermatia pro- 
duced in pure cultures, he obtained several successive generations 
of thalli by the germination of these bodies, and thus proved that 
the ascopores and the spermatia belong to the same plant. He 
also obtained spermatia in nearly all of the cultures and got them 
to germinate and produce new thalli of the same kind as those on 
which they were produced. His results indicate that these struc- 
tures are either asexual conidia or male cells which have the 
power of reproducing parthenogenetically. In further studies 
Mdller (88) obtained branched germ tubes from the spermatia of 
Collema microphylluni Ach. 
Mdller is not the only one who has caused spermatia of lichens 
to germinate, but we must now pass to some observations by 
Hedlund (66). He found spermatia of Catillaria denigraia (Fr.) 
Hedl. and C. prasina (Fr.) Th. Fr. which had germinated on the 
natural substratum among mature and variously developed states 
of these lichens and the free algal hosts. The mycelium produced 
by the spermatia was growing alone in some instances, while in 
others it had parasitized some of the algae. The latter lichen 
