XVI 
AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS 
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.Architect 
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Asso. Architect 
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Monoplanes and Biplanes 
Their Design, Construction and Operation 
The Application of Aerodynamic Theory, with a Complete 
Description and Comparison of the Notable Types 
By Grover Cleveland Loening, B.Se., A.M . , C.E. 
I N the many books that have already been written on aviation, this fasci- 
nating subject has been handled largely, either in a very “ popular ’’ and 
more or less incomplete manner, or in an Mmosphere of mathematical 
theory that puzzles beginners, and is often of little value to aviators themselves. 
There is, consequently, a wide demand for a practical hook on the subject- - 
a hook treating of the theory only on its direct relation to actual aeroplane 
design and completely setting forth and discussing the prevailing practices in the 
construction ana operation of these machines. “Monoplanes and Biplanes" 
is a new and authoritative work that deals with the subject in precisely this 
manner, and is invaluable to anyone interested in aviation. 
It covers the entire subject of the aeroplane, its design, and the theory on which 
its design is based, and contains a detailed description and discussion of thirty- 
eight of the more highly successful types. 
!2mo., (6x8Vi inches) 340 pages, 278 illustrations. Attractively bound in cloth. 
Price $2.50 net, postpaid 
An Illustrated descriptive tlreular will be lent free on affiliation. 
Munn & Co., Inc., Publishers 
361 Broadway, New York 
with the modern discoveries — of the en- 
tasis (not observed in Greek temples until 
1810), of the curvature of the horizontal 
lines (unknown until 1837), of the col- 
umnar inclinations (unknown until 1829), 
of the other vertical inclinations and 
asymmetric dimensions and measurements 
(unknown until 1851). Chapter II is taken 
up with the subject of various errors in 
previous explanations of the horizontal 
curvature as designed to correct an optical 
illusion of downward sagging, with a full 
account of the various theories which have 
been announced on this subject and of 
their inaccuracies and limitations. The 
third chapter deals with the subject of the 
horizontal curvatures considered as aesthetic 
refinements. The fourth chapter contains 
a specific enumeration of all the extant 
ruins of the mother country and of the 
Western Colonies with reference to the 
presence or absence of the horizontal curv- 
ature and other refinements. The fifth 
chapter contains explanations of the hori- 
zontal curvature as designed for perspective 
illusion and vertical inclinations in Greek 
temples. This chapter considers the in- 
teresting theories of Hoffer and Hauck on 
the subject of perspective illusion and gives 
the reasons for adhering, in general, to 
the explanations offered in Chapter III; 
it also contains a circumstantial account of 
the matter of fact relating to the vertical 
inclinations of the columns and temple sur- 
faces and of the explanations relating 
thereto. 
Chapter six is occupied with asymmetric 
dimensions in Greek temples. This chap- 
ter relates the earlier observations of Dorp- 
feld on the subject of predetermined asym- 
metric columnar spacing to the later and 
more numerous observations of Kolde- 
wey and Puchstein, with specific measure- 
ments for every temple quoted ; the margin 
of mason’s error in tolerated and unsyste- 
matic irregularities is also shown to have 
been greater in sixth-century Greek temples 
than it was in the mediaeval cathedrals. 
Chapter seven discusses optical effects of 
the asymmetric dimensions in Greek 
temples and modern interest and signifi- 
cance of the Greek refinements. 
The illustrations include one hundred and 
nineteen subjects, mainly half-tones, of 
which thirty-eight are full-page plates (6x9 
inches). The numerous photographs of the 
Greek horizontal curves in the South Ital- 
ian and Sicilian Greek temples are from 
negatives prepared for the Brooklyn In- 
stitute Museum architectural exhibition, 
under the personal direction of the author. 
They are presumed to be the only extant 
photographs on this subject for the given 
temples. In order to produce a readable 
book for those who are not specialists in 
architectural criticism, technical details and 
quotations from authorities have been gen- 
erally assigned to appendices which follow 
each chapter, and technical terms are illus- 
trated as well as defined. An enlightened 
public taste is the first condition of good 
architecture. Architects cannot produce 
good work unless the sympathy and com- 
prehension of the public assist and sup- 
port them. The book is intended, there- 
fore, not only for architects, but also for 
those who may appreciate and encourage 
them by means of a wider knowledge of 
those general principles of architectural 
taste which are involved in the use of 
architectural refinements by the Greeks. 
To architects and archaeologists “Greek 
Refinements” is almost indispensable on 
account of its exhaustive treatment and 
scientific spirit and because it is the only 
extant general work on the subject. 
