106  State  Aid  to  Agriculture  in  Canada. 
The  grant  of  15,4117.  ($75,000),  which  it  is  hoped  may 
shortly  be  increased  to  20,5487.  ($100,000),  is  divided  amongst 
over  300  societies,  most  of  which  hold  a fair  or  exhibition, 
though  some  use  their  funds  for  the  purchase  of  pedigree  sires. 
The  maximum  grant  to  any  single  society  under  the  Act  is 
$800  (1647.).  Other  sources  of  income  for  each  society  are 
municipal  grants  equalling  or  exceeding  those  of  the  provincial 
Government,  membership  fees,  and  gate  receipts.  On  the 
expenditure  side,  in  addition  to  prizes  and  general  expenses, 
considerable  sums  are  paid  for  “ special  attractions,”  the  fair 
element  being  always  more  or  less  in  evidence.  In  the  case 
of  the  three  large  city  shows  in  eastern  Canada,  the  govern- 
ment grants  amount  to  $2,500  (5147.)  for  Toronto,  $1,196  (2467.) 
for  London,  and  $1,304  (2687.)  for  Ottawa.  The  Canadian 
National  Exhibition,  held  annually  at  Toronto  by  the  Industrial 
Exhibition  Association,  is  the  largest  agricultural  show  of 
Canada.  At  the  exhibition  of  1910,  held  from  August  27  to  Sep- 
tember 12,  the  total  prize  money  was  about  $50,000  (10,0007.), 
and  the  total  attendance  was  836,000,  an  increase  of  nearly 
100.000  over  1909,  which  also  was  a record  show.  On  two 
days  of  the  show  in  1910  (at  which,  by  the  way,  music  was 
provided  by  the  band  of  the  Grenadier  Guards  from  England) 
the  number  of  visitors  was  estimated  to  reach  90,000  and 
110.000  respectively.  The  gate  receipts  were  35,6607.,  and  the 
cash  profits  8,6427. 
Farmers’  Institutes  for  the  discussion  of  agricultural  ques- 
tions of  a non-political  character  have  existed  in  Ontario  since 
January,  1885,  when  twelve  meetings  were  held  ; those  now 
in  the  province  number  100,  and  are  alert  and  progressive. 
Each  institute  receives  an  annual  government  grant  of  57., 
with  copies  of  reports,  &c.,  and  each  member  pays  the  nominal 
annual  fee  of  Is.  Women’s  Institutes,  of  which  there  are  now 
600,  and  special  institutes  for  fruit,  poultry,  seed,  creameries.  &c., 
are  also  organised,  all  being  under  government  supervision. 
In  1910,  the  total  attendance  at  the  institute  meetings  was 
nearly  301,000.  Farmers’  Institute  Clubs,  now  in  course  of 
development,  cover  smaller  areas,  and  the  members,  while 
joining  with  the  institutes  for  meetings,  also  engage  in  co- 
operative purchase  and  sale,  chiefly  of  agricultural  seeds. 
They  already  number  164.  In  addition  to  the  delivery  of 
lectures,  experts  are  now  being  employed  for  purposes  of 
practical  demonstrations  in  connection  with  live  stock,  seed, 
and  fruit. 
Education  in  Canada  is  organised  entirely  under  provincial 
authority,  and  a recent  development  which  is  promising 
good  results  is  the  appointment  by  the  Department  of  Educa- 
tion of  teachers  of  agriculture  in  high  schools.  The  Ontario 
