State  Aid  [o  Agriculture  in  Canada.  109 
land,  only  about  five  million  acres  are  owned  by  farmers,  and 
of  this  area  not  more  than  half  is  cultivated.  The  Annapolis 
Valley  is,  however,  one  of  the  three  principal  fruit-growing 
regions  of  Canada.  About  thirty-three  model  orchards,  intended 
to  test  the  fruit-growing  possibilities  of  the  province  outside 
the  present  fruit  area,  have  been  established  under  a provincial 
act  of  1901.  There  is  a large  and  increasing  exportation  of 
apples  from  the  province.  An  Agricultural  College  at  Truro 
has  a teaching  staff  of  six,  who  devote  time  also  to  the  general 
administration  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture — the  prin- 
cipal of  the  College  being  also  the  Provincial  Secretary  for 
Agriculture.  Grants  are  made  to  agricultural  societies,  consti- 
tuted chiefly  for  the  maintenance  of  pure-bred  live  stock. 
In  New  Brunswick  there  are  ninety  agricultural  societies 
in  receipt  of  government  grants  for  the  improvement  of  live 
stock  and  seeds,  the  purchase  of  fertilisers,  the  holding  of 
exhibitions  and  of  competitions  of  standing  field  crops.  Two 
dairy  superintendents  supervise  the  cheese  factories  and 
creameries  and  assist  in  the  conduct  of  the  dairy  school.  The 
organisation  of  farmers’  institutes  and  of  other  educational 
agencies  is  also  undertaken,  and  there  are  model  orchards  and 
orchard  meetings. 
In  Prince  Edward  Island  the  total  government  grant  for 
agriculture  amounts  to  1,336?.,  and,  though  necessarily  on  a 
smaller  scale  than  in  the  larger  provinces,  earnest  efforts  are 
being  put  forth  to  improve  the  agriculture  of  the  island.  An 
agricultural  merit  competition,  as  in  Quebec,  has  recently  been 
inaugurated,  a silver  medal  being  offered  for  competition  in 
each  of  the  three  counties. 
North-West  Provinces. — Throughout  the  North-West  various 
agricultural  institutions  already  described  under  Ontario  and 
eastern  Canada  are  in  process  of  rapid  organisation  and 
development,  and  the  provincial  Governments,  hitherto  more 
or  less  dependent  upon  the  east  for  experts  and  teachers,  are 
perfecting  schemes  of  higher  agricultural  education.  For 
Manitoba  the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Winnipeg  has  been  in 
existence  for  five  years.  Attached  to  the  new  University  of 
Saskatchewan,  at  Saskatoon,  will  be  a College  of  Agriculture 
and  Experimental  Farm,  the  buildings  for  which  are  in  course 
of  erection.  For  these  purposes  1,332  acres  of  land  have  been 
acquired,  and  a large  area  is  being  laid  out  in  experimental 
plots.  Both  in  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  grants  are  made  for 
the  destruction  of  prairie  wolves,  coyotes,  gophers,  &c.,  which 
will  doubtless  be  exterminated  as  settlement  increases. 
In  Saskatchewan  the  provincial  Department  of  Agriculture 
is  endeavouring  to  establish  a permanent  butter-making  in- 
dustry through  co-operative  creameries  and  a Superintendent 
