238  Plantations  and  Home  Nurseries  Competition,  1910. 
now  pitted  and  planted  much  more  economically,  at  the  cost  of 
17s.  per  1,000. 
In  most  examples  the  plantations  • had i been  wire-netted 
against  rabbits,  but  in  some  instances  the  mistake  had  been 
made  of  removing  the  protection  too  soon,  generally  in  order  to 
use  it  elsewhere.  This  is  not  often  a true  economy. 
Annual  Maintenance  for  first  four  years  cost  as  follows  : — 
Abbeystead.  Not  known. 
Ormskirk,  31.  10s. 
Delamere,  Blakemere,  5s.  per  acre  annually. 
Delamere,  Harthill,  5s.  per  acre  annually. 
Hafodunos,  Clypian,  under  11. 
Hafodunos,  Tan-y-fford,  about  11. 
Hafodunos,  Fox  Covert  (wanted  for  fox  covert),  nil  ; 
result,  much  overgrown  by  brambles,  whins,  &c. 
Hafodunos,  Penrhyn,  18s. 
Hafodfawr,  51.  in  cleaning  during  first  2 years. 
Powis  Castle,  Umbrella  PI.,  nil. 
Insects,  Fungi,  Game,  and  Fire. — The  larch  aphis  was 
generally  present,  but  less  so  in  Wales  than  further  north. 
The  pine-shoot  tortrix  moth  occurred  at  Delamere,  but  hand- 
picking and  burning  the  caterpillars  was  successfully  tried,  and 
will  be  continued  if  necessary.  The  pine  beetle  occurred  in 
Scots  pine  shoots,  but  up  to  now  only  to  a slight  extent.  Here 
and  there  were  occurrences  of  the  new  and  apparently  for- 
midable Argyresthia  laevigatella. 
Of  the  fungus  pests,  larch  canker  ( Peziza  Willkommii ) 
was  found  in  nearly  all  the  plantations,  occurring  both  on 
European  and  Japanese  larch,  although  less  so  on  the  latter,  and 
it  was  not  so  common  in  Wales  as  in  Lancashire.  The  honey 
fungus  ( Armillaria  mellea)  and  root  fungus  ( Fames  annosus) 
had  in  several  cases  attacked  Scots  pine.  Trenching  had  not 
been  a success  ; pulling  up  and  burning  the  trees  was  more 
operative,  but  did  not  always  get  thoroughly  rid  of  the  mycelia 
in  the  soil.  Scots  pine  needles  in  another  plantation  were 
seriously  attacked  by  rust  ( Peridermmm  pini  = Coleosporum 
senecionis)  to  such  an  extent  as  to  give  the  plantation  a yellow 
appearance  in  great  patches.  The  aecidospores  are  on  the  pine 
needles,  and  the  uredo-  and  teleuto-spores  on  the  groundsels, 
of  which,  say  the  authorities,  “ all  the  species  in  the  district 
should  be  destroyed.” 
As  has  been  before  remarked,  the  direct  damage  by  game 
was  generally  slight.  Indirectly,  by  causing  too  early  thinning, 
it  was  of  more  consequence,  but  the  fact  that  rabbits  and  sylvi- 
culture are  irreconcilable  is  being  more  and  more  recognised. 
Where  the  forester  had  control  of  the  rabbits  the  damage  was 
small. 
