Annual  Report  for  1910  of  the  Zoologist. 
317 
thoroughly  dressed  daily  have  been  found  to  have  as  many 
warbles  the  following  spring  as  others  kept  untreated  under 
precisely  the  same  conditions.  The  contrary  opinion  is  chiefly 
due  to  an  unfair  comparison  between  cows  which  have  been 
dressed  and  yearlings  which  have  remained  untreated,  but  it 
is  always  the  case,  without  any  treatment  at  all,  that  yearlings 
are  much  more  warbled  than  cows. 
How  the  warble  maggot  gets  into  the  skin — whether  by  the 
mouth  or  directly — is  still  not  absolutely  known.  Professor 
Carpenter’s  animals,  though  muzzled  so  as  to  prevent  them 
from  licking  themselves,  still  contracted  warbles,  but  on 
devising  a more  effectual  muzzle  the  number  of  warbles  was 
reduced. 
It  is  interesting  to  learn  that  the  complete  extermination  of 
warble  maggots  in  his  cattle  had  a distinct  effect  in  reducing 
the  warble  flies  on  the  farm  in  the  following  season,  even 
though  no  action  had  been  taken  by  neighbouring  cattle 
owners.  Of  course  united  action  by  all  the  cattle  owners  in 
the  district  would  be  necessary  to  bring  the  fly  to  the  point  of 
extermination. 
Cases  were  reported  of  sheep  infested  by  Strongylus  worms 
in  the  stomach.  The  practical  difficulty  in  treating  such  an 
attack  arises  from  the  fact  that  it  is  impossible  to  get  any  drug 
directly  into  the  fourth  stomach  where  the  worms  live,  for  it  is 
only  after  rumination  that  food  enters  it,  and  much  may  happen 
to  the  dose  before  it  arrives  at  the  desired  spot.  This  accounts 
for  the  varying  results  obtained  in  various  cases.  One  case  of 
Strongylus  attack  is  worth  recording,  because  the  owner  of  the 
sheep,  Mr.  G.  Fydell  Rowley,  of  St.  Neots,  tried  a considerable 
variety  of  drugs  with  different  lots  of  sheep,  and  was  kind 
enough  to  communicate  his  results.  Ground  glass,  an  old- 
fashioned  remedy,  had  no  effect,  and  turpentine  was  ” equally 
useless.”  Other  drugs  tried  were  : — 
( 1 dram  sulphate  of  iron, 
t k dram  ground  glass. 
^ J dram  liquid  perchloride  of  iron, 
t 1 dram  sulphuric  acid. 
( 30  grains  sulphate  of  copper. 
' ' 15  grains  of  santonine. 
The  drug  c had  beneficial  effects,  and  was  thought  to  have 
saved  the  lives  of  a good  many  sheep.  It  was  given  enclosed 
in  a gelatine  capsule.  For  a lamb  the  dose  was  20  grains 
sulphate  of  copper  and  5 grains  of  santonine. 
Among  the  worm  parasites  reported  was  a case  of  Strongylus 
paradoxxis  in  the  air  passages  of  the  lungs  of  pigs.  There  are 
two  methods  of  treating  such  an  attack,  either  by  direct 
fumigation,  or  by  doses  of  substances,  such  as  turpentine  and 
