65 
1906-7.] Functions of the Rolandic Cortex in Monkeys. 
muscular movements does not lie in the cortex cerebri but in the deeper 
parts of the brain.* * * § 
Rolando, f the pioneer in electrical stimulation of the brain, although he 
obtained violent muscular contractions by the passage of a galvanic current, 
where one electrode was introduced into the substance of the hemisphere, 
was unable, owing to the imperfection of his methods, to reach definite 
conclusions. 
Among more modern experimenters, Bouillaud J described experiments 
which rendered it probable, in his opinion, that cerebral functions are 
located in distinct areas. Flourens,§ on the other hand, whose method of 
investigation consisted in removing portions of the cerebral lobes, was 
unable to obtain any evidence of localisation of function, and concluded that 
the cerebral lobes co-operate as a whole in the full and complete exercise of 
their functions. 
The experiments of Flourens and others were held generally to have 
disproved the doctrine of localisation of function, and with regard to motor 
localisation in the cortex, Broca expressed the accepted opinion prior to 
1870 in the words : “Nul n’ignore que les circon volutions cerebrales ne sont 
pas des organes moteurs.” || The many attempts which had been made 
to obtain muscular movements in response to irritation of the cerebral 
hemispheres, had been unsuccessful. 
Little better success attended the efforts made before 1870 to 
establish the theory of cortical localisation by means of pathological 
evidence. Hughlings Jackson** and Bastian, ff from a consideration 
of cases of epilepsy and paralysis, adduced evidence in its favour. 
Hughlings Jackson found in epilepsy a definite succession or “march” of 
movements of the limb muscles. Thus he determined that when a move- 
ment begins in the digits of the hand, it affects successively the wrist,, 
* “Non ergo videtur plenam perfectamque causam motus musculosi in cortice cerebri 
habitare : cum prseterea plurima experimenta demonstrent, prof undo demum loco et a 
cortice cerebri valde remoto medullam lsedi oportere, ut convulsio superveniat.” — Elementa 
Physiologies , tom. iv. lib. x. sec. viii. § 23, Naples, 1776. 
t Saggio sopra la vera struttura del cervello e sopra lefunzioni del sistema nervoso, 1809. 
f Journal de Physiol, expe'rim., 1830, t. x. p. 91. 
§ Recherches experimentales sur les proprietes et les fonctions du systeme nerveux dans les . 
animaux vertdbres , Paris, 1842. 
|| Bulletins de la Soc. anatomique de Paris , 1861, 2 e serie, tome vi. p. 355. 
IT Budge, Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem , Frankfurt, 1842. 
Longet, Anat. et Physiol, du systeme nerveux , Paris, 1842. 
Matteucci, Traite des phenomenes electrophysiologiques , Paris, 1843. 
Weber, Wagner’s Handworterbuch der Physiologie, Bd. iii. 
Schiff, Lehrbuch d. Physiologie , 1858. 
** London Hosp. Rep ., 1864, vol. i. p. 459. tt Journ. Ment. Sc., London, 1869. 
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