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ores are extracted, referring them to the middle lias or marl- 
stone and the base of the great oolite ; and it was shown that 
the ores of Cleveland in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Oxford- 
shire, are derived principally from the lias, while those of 
Northamptonshire are extracted from the basement beds of 
the great oolite, called by the government geological sur- 
veyors “ the Northampton sands.” 
The first district described was that of the East Riding of 
Yorkshire and the Cleveland hills, which, within the space of 
about sixteen years, has given birth to the iron trade of the 
Tees-side, of which Middlesborough may be considered the 
centre. The ore is here quarried in open and tunnel-works, 
and brought down by rail from the hills to the furnaces, which 
are erected along both sides of the river, and which are 
supplied with fuel from the Durham coal-field. The 
production of this district in 1865 was stated to be nearly one 
million of tons of pig-iron annually, drawn from 105 fur- 
naces in blast. The ores in the valley of the Esk, near 
Whitby, and those of Guisborough were then described, and 
particularly the Rosedale ore, which is the richest in the 
district, and is magnetic. A branch railway is opened to the 
quarries, which in 1864 yielded nearly 300,000 tons of ore, 
having a per centage of 35*94 to 49*17 of metallic iron. The 
iron-stone was then traced to the banks of the Humber, 
near Hull, by Stokesley, Swainby, Northallerton, Easing- 
wold, and Market Weighton. 
The ores of North Lincolnshire were stated to be spread 
over a wide expanse of country — an area of not less than 100 
square miles — having been proved to be quite close to the 
surface, and their local and geographical position in reference 
to the sea-ports on the one hand, and the South Yorkshire 
coal-field, together with the excellent quality of the iron they 
produced, satisfied the authors that this district was destined 
to rise in importance as a centre of iron manufacture. The 
pig-iron from North Lincolnshire is highly tenacious and 
