1905 - 6 .] Professor Ewart on the Tarpan. 19 
specialised more to the side of E. caballus than to E. prejvalskii. 
Doubtless Salensky, in coming to this conclusion, was influenced 
not a little by the long mane and the full tail of the Moscow 
Tarpan. 
General Conclusions. 
When all the available facts are taken into consideration there 
seems no escape from the conclusion that the Tarpan, once common 
in the east of Europe, cannot be considered as a true wild species. 
Further, it may he assumed that the Tarpan herds were derived 
from at least three primitive stocks, viz. : (1) From a variety or 
species identical with or closely related to the wild horse ( E . 
prejvalskii) still surviving in Central Asia; (2) from a variety having 
the characteristics of the Celtic pony — E. c. celticus ; and (3) from 
a variety resembling the forest horse — E . c. typicus. It is only by 
assuming the multiplex origin of Tarpans that it is possible to 
account for some of them having a heavy head, long ears, a 
nearly upright mane, a mule-like tail, and five lumbar vertebrae, 
thus suggesting E. prejvalskii ; for others, wanting the hind chest- 
nuts and possessing a skull like that of certain Scottish ponies, thus 
suggesting E. c. celticus ; and for others having a thick head, full 
mane and tail, and hind as well as front chestnuts, thus suggesting 
E. c. typicus. 
By experiments now in hand I hope to settle what part Prej- 
valsky’s horse has taken in forming the Tarpan. If I succeed 
in showing that crosses between Prejvalsky’s horse, and either the 
forest, Celtic, or Libyan variety are practically identical with the 
cross between the Shetland mare and the Welsh pony stallion, I 
shall prove that at least certain of the domesticated breeds are 
indebted to Prejvalsky’s horse for some of their characteristics, 
and at the same time bring additional evidence in support 
of my view that domesticated races have had a multiple origin, 
and include plain as w T ell as striped forms amongst their less 
remote ancestors — have not, in fact, as Darwin thought, descended 
from a single dun-coloured more or less striped primitive stock. 
[Towards the cost of this investigation contributions were 
received from the Carnegie Trustees, and from the Earl of Moray 
Research Fund of the University of Edinburgh. 
