294 Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh. [sess. 
the Largs cranium is round and lofty, with a straight vertical 
forehead. 
Rutland Cranium. 
The Rutland specimen consists of the calvaria alone, and even 
that is slightly damaged. The facial and basal parts of the skull 
are gone, or only represented by a number of small fragments, of 
which a portion of the lower jaw is alone of any value for re- 
construction purposes. 
The calvaria, evidently that of a male, possesses certain strongly 
pronounced characters which give it a striking individuality. 
These are — (1) a marked projection of the supraorbital part of 
the frontal hone, due to expansion of the frontal air-sinuses ; (2) a 
constriction of the cranium behind the orbits, leading to consider- 
able narrowing of the forehead at this point; and (3) a strong 
backward slope of the frontal plate of the frontal bone. 
It is a type of skull with which the anatomist is not unfamiliar. 
A calvaria described many years ago by Sir William Turner, 
and now in the Anatomical Museum of the Edinburgh University, 
presents somewhat similar characters. This may be regarded as a 
comparatively speaking modern specimen, as it was found while 
digging the foundation of Gordon’s Hospital in Aberdeen, an 
institution which is built on the site of the Blackfriars Monastery.* 
Another skull obtained from a “ Sambaqui ” in Santos in Brazil, 
and described by Nehring, may also be said to show corresponding 
features.! Amongst the Australians a similar type of cranial 
contour is likewise sometimes met with. 
Such skulls are not infrequently called Neanderthaloid, on 
account of the forehead and eyebrow regions presenting some 
resemblance in general contour to the corresponding parts of the 
famous Neanderthal cranium, but in other respects they stand 
upon so much higher a plane that such a term is misleading and 
inappropriate. 
* Additional Note on the Neanderthal Skull, by William Turner, M.B., 
Quarterly Journal of Science, 1864, October, p. 758. 
t “ Menschenreste aus einem Sambaqui von Santos in Brasilien unter Ver- 
gleichung der Fossilreste des Pithecanthropus erectus Dubois,” by A. Nehring, 
Verhandlungen der Berliner anthropologischen Gesellschaft, November 16, 
1895. 
