304 Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh. [sess. 
These are low indices, but more particularly is this the case in 
the Aberdeen and Brazil specimens. The Rutland skull stands in 
this respect midway between these and the modern European skull. 
According to Schwalbe, the natives of Alsace have a calvaria height 
index of 59*8 ; in a dolichocephalic Scottish skull it was 58T ; 
and in an Australian skull of low type it was 52 1. 
When tracings of the longitudinal arcs of the crania in question 
are reduced to a common length of the base line (i.e. diameter 
between glabella and inion), and superimposed, a very effective 
Fig. 4. — Cranial outlines superimposed. 
1. Female Gorilla. 
2. Pithecanthropus erectus, Dubois. 
3. Neanderthal (tracing taken from photograph by Schwalbe). 
4. Aberdeen Cranium (Sir William Turner). 
5. Brazil Cranium (Nehring). 
6. Eutland Cranium (Munro). 
demonstration of the relative height of each is obtained, and the 
quality of the curvature in each case becomes evident. In the 
accompanying figure the numbers 4, 5, and 6 indicate the outlines 
of the Aberdeen, Brazil, and Rutland crania respectively. The 
greater height of the Rutland specimen (6), which is also shown 
in the index, is manifest, whilst the close manner in which the 
