1897 - 98 .] Mr E. J. Lloyd on Consonant- Sounds. 225 
Its effective length will always be rather longer, because it has 
some width, and does not open at both ends abruptly into free air: 
The highest resonance in my case is therefore doubtless,/ 4 , 2816 
v.d.; and the lowest,/ 2 , 704 v.d. The former is the pitch of a 
narrow pipe 60 mm. long. 
The whole sound of /, in isolation, appears to consist of this 
single resonance and the original friction at the teeth. Three other 
sounds in our table seem to enjoy an equal simplicity of composition. 
Not till these are being treated can we profitably ask wherein / 
differs acoustically from every other consonant. 
6 . 
This is the th in thin. Its relationship to / is shown by the fact, 
already stated, that if, during the articulation of an ordinary /, the 
point and blade of the tongue are moved slightly upwards, so as to 
create an aerial friction between the tongue and the upper teeth, 
the / is then transformed into 0. The resonance rises at the same 
time about a semitone. This appears to he due only to the slight 
fore-shortening of the tube, which now ends inside rather than 
outside of the upper teeth. This slight difference persists in con- 
nection with given vowels, e.g ., my 0 in theme gives b z , 1980 v.d. ; 
in thaw it gives / 3 ^, 1491 v.d. With these compare those of /in 
fee and fall. But when 6 is tried in isolation it is found to have a 
rather less range of possible resonance than /. The reason for this, 
however, is not acoustic, hut physiological : the tongue- tip is no 
longer free ; it must remain always in close proximity to the upper 
teeth. This stiffer position prevents the tongue from acting so 
freely as before : it especially prevents that sinking and withdrawal 
of the tongue-tip, by which the bulging of the passage can he 
carried so far in /. Thus the range of the 0 resonance is shortened 
considerably at the lower end. In my case it reaches only from 
a 2 , 880 v.d. to/ 4 , 2816 v.d. 
There is no evidence that 6 contains more than two audible ele- 
ments, namely, this resonance and the original friction : and there 
is no essential difference in pitch between this resonance and that 
of /. Such differences as do exist seem due to physiological acci- 
dent only. Where, then, is the acoustic difference between 6 and /? 
There is an undoubted difference in the original friction. In / the 
