227 
1897 - 98 .]. Mr B. J. Lloyd on Consonant-Sounds. 
conditions of their production are four. Two of these are the same 
as in those cases, namely closed nares, and a larynx fully open and 
breathing; and the other two are identical in kind, namely, a 
frictional constriction and a resonant passage. But there is this 
broad distinction, that the frictional constriction is now situated, 
not at the outer, hut at the inner end of the resonant passage. 
This has an important influence on the acoustic result. The 
frictional noises of / and 9 work backwards upon the resonant 
passage; but they also work forwards to the listening ear, and 
make their own direct, unmodified impression upon it. In x and y 
this is not so. The frictional noises can only reach the ear through 
the resonant passage, and the result is that they are all more or 
less damped, except those to which the resonance of the passage 
just happens to respond ; and these merge themselves into the rest 
of the resonance. The longer the passage the greater is the 
damping of the noises, and the nearer does the resonance approach 
to the regularity of musical tone. Hence the resonance of y is 
notably less rough in quality, and more definite in pitch, than that 
of x. But this does not appear to arise from any considerable dif- 
ference in the original noise. The y constriction is formed against 
the soft palate, and the x constriction against the hard palate ; hut 
the degree of obstruction and the length of the frictional passage 
seem to he fairly constant, and to resemble those of 9 rather than 
those of/. The dorsum of the tongue is incapable of framing a 
short frictional orifice against the palate, like that framed by / 
against the teeth. When the resonances are listened to in isolation 
there is found to he no necessary gap between x and ^ : they extend 
in me without a break from / 4 f, 2982 v.d. down to c 2 528 v.d. ; hut 
this lower limit can only he reached by vigorous rounding and pro- 
trusion of the lips. The resonant passage is found at the same 
time to undergo a progressive change of shape, very similar to that 
described for / and 9 ; excepting always that its wider aperture is no 
longer found behind, hut before. Bor this reason it is much easier 
of inspection, and its changes can he noted by the most unassisted 
observer. Its range of transformation is greater than that of 9, be- 
cause the tongue-tip is again free, and the bulging of the passage 
can he carried out to its fullest extent. Measurements in the upper 
octave of resonance are much the same as before. When the 
