232 Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh. [sess. 
propriate hinder (pharyngeal) resonance of the vowel is wanting, 
being impossible with an open larynx. Even the h which is here 
called neutral carries with it the same inference in actual speech, 
for it arises before the “ neutral” vowel A (see Proceedings of 
this Society, vol. xxii. p. 99). 
Whether there is any hinder resonance in h is another question. 
The only thing certain is that, if present, it is not the same as the 
hinder resonance of the following vowel. The openness of the 
constriction favours the exit of such a resonance : hut the ear does 
not testify to the presence of any second resonance, though on 
whispering hi , ha , ho , etc., it does recognise easily that, in passing 
from h to the vowel, a new (hinder) resonance has been added. 
We arrive therefore at the same conclusion for h as for /, 0, x, and x, 
that, if it has a second resonance, it is deep and very feeble. 
It follows from what has just been said that, in connected 
speech, the resonance of h will he simply the oral resonance of the 
following vowel. Certain qualifications of this statement must he 
made later ; it is absolutely true only of that part of h which 
immediately adjoins the vowel. But this shows that the resonance 
of h has at any rate the same range as that of the oral resonance 
in vowels, which I have tabulated from phonographic data (Journal 
of Anat. and . Phys ., vol. xxxi. p. 251) as extending, in adult 
male organs from / 4 2816 v.d. down to d l 287 v.d. This result is 
roughly corroborated by the observation that every fricative yet 
studied can be turned into an h by sufficiently relaxing its constric- 
tion, and reinforcing the breath. This observation is best carried 
out with x and x, because their range is the widest (/ 4 |, 2982 v.d. 
down to c 2 528 v.d.). When their articulations are relaxed into 
the h position a fall of resonance can always he heard ; because 
the passage is always widened and lengthened. But the fall is un- 
equal, because the widening and lengthening are unequal ; they are 
greater in x than in Hence the lower limit of the h resonance 
drops further below that of the x resonance than its higher limit 
drops below that of the x resonance. 
Still, in the greater part of its range, the resonance of h covers 
again the same ground which we have seen to he covered by /, 6, 
x and x : an( l a g a in the characteristic of the consonant is found, 
not in the pitch of the resonance, but in the nature of its 
