1897-98.] Mr K. J. Lloyd on Consonant- Sounds. 241 
mot the tip, of the tongue against the alveolars, and does not re- 
quire so great a change of curvature. 
But something depends here on the speaker. Some speakers 
■ exert themselves much more to minimise their glides than others. 
Southern English pronunciation is conspicuously less alert than 
Northern English in this respect; and Erench is more alert than 
either. It is through this fondness for -gliding articulations in 
Southern English that nearly all its vowels have developed a 
“ tail ” of obscurer sound which almost makes them into diph- 
thongs. 
Besides these preliminary remarks on glides in general, it is 
necessary also to make some general remarks about vowels. I 
have elsewhere ( Phonetische Studien , 1890-2) examined the articu- 
lations of all the cardinal vowels in detail, and have shown that 
they appear to be in every case designed to produce at least two 
resonances, the one proceeding from the oral, and the other from 
the pharyngeal, part of the articulation. For our present problem 
it suffices to know very little about the latter, but the details of 
the former are important. The following list of oral (adult male) 
resonances is mainly compiled from my table of such resonances, 
all calculated from phonographic data of sung vowels, in Journal 
of Anat s and Phys., vol. xxxi. p. 251. But these agreed well 
with those which I had previously derived (Joe. cit.) from direct 
■ observation. I have, therefore, added, from direct observation, two 
resonances of English vowels (marked *) which are wanting in the 
other list. 
Kind of Vowel. 
Approximate 
English Key-word. 
Oral Resonance. 
Close i 
marine 
/ 4 v.d. 2816 
* Open i 
pit 
ri 4 jt 2500 
Close e 
rein 
c 4 2112 
Open e 
there 
\ 1508 
Front a 
man 
/ 3 1431 
Back a 
father 
c 3 1082 
* Open o 
law 
9% 834 
Close o 
note 
<P - a 1 623-444 
Open u 
pat 
c 2 528 
Close u 
brwte 
e 1 - d 1 314-287 
What strikes the eye at once in this list is that the range pos- 
