3897-98.] Mr R J. Lloyd on Consonant-Sounds. 243 
consonant. But there is in most cases another element in both of 
these glides, resulting from the changes taking place simultaneously 
in the oral part of the articulation ; and where this stronger 
element is present, it will perhaps he hopeless to look for any dis- 
tinguishable traces of the brief and feeble glides developed in the 
pharynx. 
But in the combinations of h, ihi , ehe , aha , oho , uhu , these glides 
may possibly be decipherable, because they are the only necessary 
glides involved. The oral articulation of h need not change in the 
least from that of the vowel by which it is flanked. The only 
necessary change is the opening and shutting of the larynx. The 
opening of the larynx puts an end to two things, — the tonic vibra- 
tions of the chords, and the resonance of the pharyngeal cavity. 
But the latter, at least, will not perish quite instantaneously ; it 
has a period of 280 to 800 v.d., and doubtless has time to 
undergo a rapid fall of force and change of period, even during the 
swift opening of the chords. 
Next in simplicity is the case of / and its compounds, ifi, efe, 
afa , ofo, ufu. One effect of the remoteness and disconnection of 
the lips from the other vocal organs is that the articulation of / 
and all other labials interferes relatively little with that of other 
kinds of sound with which they are associated. The only move- 
ment which takes place in the cases here to be considered is a 
slight raising of the lower jaw and lower lip, enough to bring the 
latter into contact with the tips of the upper teeth. This raising, 
is greatest for afa and ofo, because the jaw is lowest in a and o 
and it is least for ifi and ufu. The reduction of the labial orifice 
will tend in every case to produce some drop in the oral reso- 
nance ; hut the greatest reductions (in a and o) will also have great 
compensations in the reduction of the bulk of the oral cavity. In 
no case, probably, will the resonance of the /he carried very far 
away from the oral resonance of the adjacent vowel, except per- 
haps in ufu ; for u has often an oral resonance lower than that of 
any possible /. But note what is said below about uOu, etc. 
Very similar results hold good for 0, when placed between 
identical vowels. "We note again, however, in reference to uOu, that 
whilst the resonance of 0 could not he carried below a 2 880 v.d., 
the oral resonances actually recorded of u are only 314-287 v.d. 
