1898-99.] Admiral Makaroff on Oceanographic Problems. 407 
bulkheads, and the total number of independent compartments is 
forty-eight. 
The sub-division of the ship is not a novelty in the science of 
naval architecture. The novelty is that each one of her compart- 
ments was filled with water to the upper deck ; the compartments 
which do not rise so high were tested with a pressure of water up 
to the upper deck. After the engines, boilers, doors, pipes, etc., 
w r ere fixed in their places, the largest compartment of the vessel was 
again filled with water to the upper deck, so as to ensure that the 
attaching of these things did not compromise the water-tightness 
of the bulkheads. The last trial was as successful as the previous 
ones, and if such a severe test were prescribed in the case of every 
iron ship, the number of casualties would greatly decrease. It is 
a shameful thing that the large liners carrying thousands of 
passengers are built in such a way that a little hole in them is 
sufficient to settle them to the bottom. The loss of the “ Elbe,” 
“ Utopia,” and “ La Bourgogne,” with a great many passengers, is 
a sufficient testimony that I am perfectly right on insisting that 
ships’ bulkheads ought to be properly tried before the ships are 
allowed to go to sea. 
However, this is not the main topic of my address. I may here 
briefly state that the ribs -of the ice-breaker and her skin are calcu- 
lated to bear the greatest pressure that ice can force upon it. The 
ice-breaker can charge at any floating ice (icebergs excluded) at 
any speed going ahead or astern. 
There are trimming and heeling tanks of great capacity, and 
there is a pump in the centre of the ship which is able to force the 
water from one extreme end of the ship to the other with a 
velocity of 10 to 13 tons per minute. The hot water from the 
condenser may be utilized for warming the fore part of the ship in 
order to make the surface of the ice-breaker more slippery ; snow 
at a low temperature washed with water at the freezing-point is 
very sticky, and the warm skin of the ship, melting the very 
surface which touches it, will produce a sort of lubrication. 
In order to have means for navigating economically every main 
engine can be disconnected from its propeller, and each propeller 
may be turned by special auxiliary engines provided for this 
purpose. The ship is fitted with a mast and lifting crow’s nest, 
