696 Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh. [sess. 
and the stratigraphical points of view. It will be evident from 
the foregoing remarks that the object I have in view under the 
title of the paper is mainly to indicate that the palseozoologist 
should not limit himself to the determination of species by the 
use of a terminology which only practised specialists can fully 
understand. Ho doubt the terminology is necessary for the 
progress of science, but if work in this department is to promote 
general culture in a natural, easy, and interesting way, the 
characterization of extinct species will include the physical and 
vital conditions of the localities in which they occur. Looking 
at the trend of present speculative science touching the upward 
march of species, I dare say most of us whose work lies in this 
or in closely -related branches, have heard friends whose train- 
ing in other branches qualify them to deal with the rules of 
evidence, regretting that they know nothing of and cannot 
estimate the value of the alleged scientific facts held to warrant 
certain sweeping biological generalizations. 
The mammal remains which I have had before me both in this 
and in my first paper may be stated thus : — ELEPHANTiDiE. The 
Mammoth ( Elaplnis primigenius , Blum.) Cervid 2 E. 1. The so- 
called Greater Red-Deer ( Cervus elaphus, L.). 2. The Reindeer 
( Cervus tarandus, L.). 3. The Great Irish Deer ( Cervus megaceros, 
Owen). Bovid^e. 1. The Urus ( Eos primigenius , Boj.), and 
2. The Celtic Shorthorn or Longfronted Ox (B. longifrons , Owen). 
I had intended to place on the table examples of remains of each, 
but at present will limit my remarks to the Mammoth Tusk, the 
Great Red-Deer Antlers, and the skull of the Celtic Shorthorn. 
I. The Mammoth. Traces of this form have been met with 
in Ayr, Berwick, Edinburgh, Lanark, and Perth shires. I notice 
only the Mid-Lothian tusk. Its history is soon told. It was found 
in 1820 on the Clifton Hall estate near Ratho, by labourers em- 
ployed in making the Union Canal, at a point where the earth 
slopes and forms the valley through which the river Almond flows, 
and was taken by the finders to a cottage near the works. The find 
was reported to Sir Alexander Maitland, the proprietor of the estate, 
who, accompanied by the engineer of the works, visited the cottage. 
When the workmen learned through them that the tusk was 
ivory, they quietly sent two of their number with it to Edinburgh, 
