SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY. 
313 
GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY. 
The Fossil Horse in Missouri. — In a paper read before tbe St. Louis Aca- 
demy of Science, and reported in tb ^American Naturalist for March, Mr. G. C. 
Broadhead records some interesting facts on the above subject. Alluding 
to the fact that horse remains had been found in the altered drift of Kansas, 
he says he is now able to announce that similar remains have recently been 
discovered in a well at Papinville, Bates County, Missouri. Mr. 0. P. Ohlin- 
ger procured a tooth at the depth of thirty-one feet from the surface, resting 
in a bed of sand beneath a four-inch stratum of bluish clay and gravel. 
Above the last was thirty feet ten inches of yellowish clay reaching to the 
surface. Beneath the sand, containing the tooth, was a gravel bed five feet 
in thickness, consisting mostly of rounded pebbles resembling river gravel, 
generally hornstone, many partially, and some firmly adhering together. 
Other pebbles shown him from the same bed were of iron ore, coal and 
micaceous sandstone. He was farther informed that some remains of flu- 
viatile shells were found. He sent the tooth to Professor Joseph Leidy of 
Philadelphia, who pronounced it to be the last upper molar of a horse, pro- 
bably an extinct species. From a similar gravel bed on the banks of Marais 
des Cygnes, a fragment of a tusk was given him resembling very much that 
of a mammoth. Its whole length was said to be seven feet four inches. 
About ten miles above Papinville, the banks of Marais des Cygnes River 
appear to be of a similar formation to the well of Ohlinger, consisting of 
about twelve feet of brown sandy clay resting on ten feet of blue clay with 
many pebbles of worn gravel at the lower part. These gravel beds he 
considers as of more recent age than the drift, but older than the bluff or 
loess, and regards them as altered drift. They seem rather to abound on 
the Osage and its tributaries, and are often reached in digging wells. 
New Mosasauroid Reptiles. — Professor Marsh has recently published in 
the American Journal of Science, a notice of four new reptiles, belonging, or 
allied, to Mosasaurus, from the Greensand of New Jersey. He remarks 
that u a striking difference between the reptilian fauna of the Cretaceous of 
Europe and America is the prevalence, in the former, of remains of Ichthyo- 
saurus and Plesiosaurus, which here appear to be entirely wanting ; while 
the Mosasauroids, a group comparatively rare in the Old World, replace 
them in this country, and are abundantly represented by several genera and 
numerous species. 
The Geology of the Missouri. — We have received a very important geologi- 
cal work, entitled Geological Report of the Exploration of the Yellowstme and 
Missouri Rivers, by Dr. F. Y. Hayden (Washington, 1869). The work is 
one well worthy of the careful attention of geologists. In speaking of the 
Rocky Mountains, the author describes two types : (1) Those with a 
granite nucleus and regular outline, and (2) those composed of erupted 
rocks, rugged in their outlines and irregular in their trend. Several good 
maps and sections are appended to the volume. 
Antiquity of Man in North America. — In the Transactions of the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences (vol. i. part 2) Dr. J. W. Foster contributes a paper of 
some interest relative to the above. He gives man a great antiquity, and 
refers to the discovery in California by Professor Whitney of a human skull 
